形上學中的存有問題─柏拉圖形上學的存有問題

Abstract

本論文導論從討論陳康先生的博士論文《亞里斯多德的分離問題》中對於分離問題的詮釋開始。進而透過對於未書寫理論的討論，理解亞里斯多德對於柏拉圖詮釋的方式，從而批判杜賓根學派與通俗的詮釋學方法，建立原理論辯證的理解方法。在第二章中進而對方法問題提出解釋，方法是原理論辯證所形成的二分法，而這個二分法具有穿透變化提升到存有的四重結構。這個辯證方法透過對於錯誤的揚棄而提升，為第二原理在知識論中提供一個詮釋學所沒有完全顧慮到的積極角色。而這個辯證法從假設出發，而達到分離的超越對象。在第三章中，將柏拉圖方法所描述的系統建構透過名、言、實存的說明，確定系統建構在柏拉圖對話錄中的基本角色。進而探究系統建構與方法建構的類比關係。進而理解主道德與副道德的發生系譜。在道德系譜的說明之後，進入三層靈魂論與三層世界論的系統建構。最後是柏拉圖將哲學三分的可能性之討論。在結論中，則從原理辯證法發展可能的自由法哲學，藉由辯證法的能力反省人性尊嚴以及自由的幾個基本範例。

The Problem of Being in Metaphysics

By Plato’s Metaphysics, it is understood as the method for a thinking living being to relate itself to the transcendental object- the Good (an object with positive value)- and to live with it and partake in it. This method is called by Plato as Dialectics, which involves the interaction of two or more lives, which are uneducable to thinking subjects. The Good has an autarky before the existence and the definitive actions of understanding, and this autarkical Good is the goal for the relating life and also the principle of its individuality. Such an ability for transcendence is named and under the names to become trascendentalia. To these characteristics of object, we have relevant characteristics for method: a post-aristotelic apodeictics is regarded since Aristotle as different from Plato’s Dialectics. This difference results difficulty for approaching the multifarious beginning in Plato’s thought. Only a direct (!) confluence with Plato’s opinion, starting from principle towards principles brings us to his object. This thesis discusses Mr. Ludwig C. H. Chen’s conclusion in his research for the Chorismos, namely Chorismos as Autarkeia instead of spatial separation, e.g. two worlds, as starting hypothesis. This hypothesis brings us, like Aristotle, to the discussion over Chora, hence the dispute over Plato’s theory of principles: the definite one and indefinite two as the Good with its dynamis in its unity develops itself to be dual principles in contemplation, which is different from a Pythagorean Ontology in Onoma about its principle, and hence a difference between Ontology and Metaphysics. Duplication of dual principle becomes the quadruple structure of knowledge, and the individual consolidation in this quadruple caused a three level world system. This three level world system becomes the characteristic way of Plato for the explanation in a threefolded analogy in Physics, Philosophy of Language(logike), and Ethics. This system, based on the autarchic Good, not only reflects the Athenian Polity in Platonic ideas, but also affords the freedom in relation for individuals in the city state, not a infinite subjective freedom, a metaphysical basis in respect of natural law.