Economic Recession, Unemployment, and Suicide

Abstract

The incidence of suicide rises during periods of economic recession. These rises are the tip of an iceberg of increased levels of emotional distress, including higher rates of depression and self-harm, in affected countries. Men of working-age appear to be at greatest risk. Whilst rises in unemployment account for some of the recession-associated increase in suicide, other factors such as increases in levels of debt, house repossession, relationship difficulties, alcohol misuse, pressures on those remaining in work and job insecurity, and cuts in mental health services also play a role. Government austerity measures introduced in response to recessions may also contribute. Longitudinal studies indicate that individuals who are already vulnerable as a result of pre-existing mental illness are the most likely to lose their jobs, thus compounding the adverse effect of unemployment and associated financial difficulties. Cross-national studies show that the impact of recession on suicide rates differs from country to country; these differences are in part due to varying levels of recession and job loss but also to differences in baseline economic conditions as well as welfare systems and policy responses to support those affected. Based on existing evidence, appropriate responses to mitigate the impact of recessions on suicide might include active labour market programmes, generous unemployment benefits, responsible media reporting, debt relief, adequate funding of community support agencies, and preserved spending on mental health services. It is critical that we learn lessons from the 2008 recession, to ensure timely, evidence-based responses to future economic downturns. ? 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. All rights reserved.