建構社區保育、原住民狩獵與野生動物經營管理間的連結

Abstract

近年來，國際保育社會逐漸重視參與取徑，國內自然資源經營管理也出現相關的個案與趨勢。本文以社區保育涵蓋的參與、在地知識共有財產等學理為基礎，納入社區保育區的概念，以屏東縣霧臺鄉魯凱族為對象，架構一個以部落和狩獵為核心的在地野生動物資源經營管理的體制。在魯凱族的傳統階層社會裡，狩獵既是生業、榮耀，是男人部落化的過程，也是在地知識與信仰的綜合體，以及文他與政治的圖騰。雖?在現代國家行政，外來信仰與市場機制的影響下，傳統社會組織逐漸瓦解，但各西魯凱部落仍留存相當的狩獵傳統，也有許多社區組織願意投注文化復振與部落發搌。本文主張以部落為理單元回應參與霰徑，而以擁有在地知識與遊走山林能力的獵人為經營管理的重心，藉目前仍受部落族人遵循敬重的百合花頭飾，加上現代山林調查巡護與解說的內容，建立獵人的認證制度。用部落會議或議會或其他社團組織來成就部落與國家體制的鍵結，發揮山林巡護、文化傳承、旅遊產業的作用，重塑部落共有財產的社會制度，以在野生動物資源經營管理、國土保育與原住嚴族發展間，追求多贏的成果。

In recent years, the participatory-based strategy has been gradually recognized by the conservation bodies worldwide. A number of cases concerning local involvement in the natural resources management were also available in Taiwan. In his paper, we focused on the western Rukai, a branch of Rukai living in the mountainous area in Pingtung County, for a case study to build up the local institution framework of wildlife resources management based on the core principals of the community conserved area and community-based conservation, which were community participation, local knowledge and common property. Traditionally, Rukai was a hierarchical society in which the tribal people regarded hunting as one kind of livelihood, honor, and the process for a man to integrate into the tribe. Hunting activity was also a complex of local knowledge and belief, and the logo of indigenous culture and politics. Although the traditional Rukai society has been invaded and ruined by the modern State institutions, western religions, and capital market, they still preserve some traditions relevant to hunting in the tribes up to now, and many initiatives keen to re-activate them. We argue that the community could be the management unit and its core part was the hunter, who had local knowledge and ability to work in the mountains and forests. In addition, the lily cornet, a traditional symbol of recognition for outstanding hunters, which is still practiced and respected by the local Ruaki, can be adopted as the certificate system for hunters. We suggest that it is necessary to add modern inventory techniques and ecological interpretation ability into hunters? training courses in order to strengthen their capacity. On the other hand, the tribe can link with the Government by several new initiatives such as the tribe council (or meeting ) or grassroots associations. This kind of local institutional arrangements is expected to improve the natural guarding, culture inheritance and tourism industrial, as well as contribute to reshape the social system of common property in the tribe. This may achieve a win-win situation for wildlife management, land conservation and indigenous development in the mountainous Taiwan.