First report of anthracnose crown rot of strawberry caused by Colletotrichum siamense in Taiwan
Journal
Plant Disease
Journal Volume
103
Journal Issue
7
Pages
1775-
Date Issued
2019
Author(s)
Chung P.-C.
Wu H.-Y.
Ariyawansa H.A.
Tzean S.-S.
Chung C.-L.
Ariyawansa, H. A.
Chung, P. C.
Hsin-Yi Wu
Abstract
HomePlant DiseaseVol. 103, No. 7First Report of Anthracnose Crown Rot of Strawberry Caused by Colletotrichum siamense in Taiwan PreviousNext DISEASE NOTESFirst Report of Anthracnose Crown Rot of Strawberry Caused by Colletotrichum siamense in TaiwanP.-C. Chung, H.-Y. Wu, H. A. Ariyawansa, S.-S. Tzean, and C.-L. ChungP.-C. ChungMiaoli District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Miaoli County 36346, TaiwanDepartment of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 10617, Taiwan, H.-Y. WuDepartment of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 10617, Taiwan, H. A. AriyawansaDepartment of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 10617, Taiwan, S.-S. Tzean†Corresponding authors: S.-S. Tzean; E-mail Address: [email protected] and C.-L. Chung; E-mail Address: [email protected]Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 10617, Taiwan, and C.-L. Chung†Corresponding authors: S.-S. Tzean; E-mail Address: [email protected] and C.-L. Chung; E-mail Address: [email protected]http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1612-0109Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 10617, TaiwanAffiliationsAuthors and Affiliations P.-C. Chung1 2 H.-Y. Wu2 H. A. Ariyawansa2 S.-S. Tzean2 † C.-L. Chung2 † 1Miaoli District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Miaoli County 36346, Taiwan 2Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 10617, Taiwan Published Online:16 May 2019https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-12-18-2167-PDNAboutSectionsSupplemental ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmailWechat In Taiwan, strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) is a high-value crop with an average annual cultivated area of ∼500 ha in the last 5 years. Over 90% of strawberry cultivation is in Miaoli County, with 'Taoyuan No. 1' as the predominant cultivar for more than 30 years. Anthracnose has become more destructive over the past decade. Although Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, C. dematium, C. fragariae, and C. acutatum were mentioned as the causal agents of strawberry anthracnose in Taiwan (Plant Protection Information System; https://otserv2.tactri.gov.tw/ppm/), we lack information on the isolation, pathogenicity, and morphological or molecular identification of the pathogen. From 2010 to 2016, we surveyed anthracnose in strawberries in Miaoli County; more than 50% of diseased plants showed typical anthracnose crown rot (ACR) symptoms (McInnes et al. 1992). ACR caused up to 30 to 40% plant loss during the seedling stage and ∼20% after transplanting. Infected crown tissue initially showed red and white marbling and then gradually brown rot, followed by rapid wilting of the entire plant. Anthracnose symptoms were observed in other parts of the plant, including leaves, petioles, runners, fruits, and roots. Symptoms appeared as circular black spots on the leaves and withering and girdling on runners. To isolate the causal agent, approximately 0.2 × 0.2-cm fragments of diseased crowns were surface disinfested with 1% sodium hypochlorite, triple rinsed with sterile water, and then placed onto 1.5% water agar. After 2 to 3 days, extended single hyphal tips from tissues were transferred to potato dextrose agar and incubated for 7 days at 25°C under a 12-h/12-h photoperiod. Colonies were initially white, later became somewhat zonate, velvety, light gray on the upper side and gray on the reverse side of plates, with concentric rings of salmon sporodochia. Conidia were 9.68 to 17.95 × 3.88 to 5.84 µm (14.53 ± 0.31 × 4.99 ± 0.08 µm, n = 90), hyaline, oblong to cylindrical, with round obtuse ends. Morphological characteristics of the causal agent resembled species belonging to the C. gloeosporioides species complex (Weir et al. 2012). To confirm the species identification, we extracted genomic DNA from 10 isolates by using the Plant Genomic DNA Extraction Miniprep System (Viogene, Taipei) and polymerase chain reaction–amplified the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, chitin synthase (CHS-1), actin (ACT), β-tubulin 2 (TUB2), calmodulin (CAL), and intergenic region of Apn2 and MAT1-2-1 (ApMAT) with published primers (Carbone and Kohn 1999; O'Donnell and Cigelnik 1997; Silva et al. 2012; Weir et al. 2012; White et al. 1990). Sequences were submitted to GenBank (accession nos. MK174223 [ITS], MK174224 [CHS-1], MK174225 [ACT], MK174226 [TUB2], MK174227 [CAL], and MK174228 [ApMAT]). The ITS, CHS-1, ACT, TUB2, CAL, and ApMAT sequences were compared with the GenBank nr database, restricted to type material. Results showed 98 to 99% identity to C. siamense (syn. C. dianesei and C. melanocaulon) (Liu et al. 2016; Prihastuti et al. 2009), which belongs to the C. gloeosporioides species complex, with the corresponding sequences (ITS: NR_144800; CHS-1: KX094094; ApMAT: KX094304 [Lima et al. 2013]; ACT: KX093987; TUB2: KX094290; and CAL: KX094036 [Doyle et al. 2013]). Koch's postulates were fulfilled for two isolates (ML133 and ML612) by spraying 1 × 106 conidia/ml suspension on seedlings until run-off at the four- to five-leaf stage (two trials per isolate, n = 5 seedlings per trial). Inoculated plants were covered with plastic bags (>90% relative humidity) for 24 h at 30°C and then maintained in a growth chamber at 30°C, 70% relative humidity, under a 12-h/12-h photoperiod. After 7 days, all inoculated plants showed typical necrotic leaf spots and wilt symptoms similar to those in the field. Control plants sprayed with sterile water had no symptoms (n = 5 per trial). Longitudinal sections of the inoculated crown showed reddish-brown and white-marbled necrosis. The fungi were reisolated from lesions of diseased leaves or crowns with 100% frequency (n ≥ 3 isolates per trial), and morphological characteristics and gene sequences were identical to the original isolates. To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. siamense causing ACR of strawberry in Taiwan. The disease has the potential for causing serious losses to the strawberry industry in Taiwan, and research is needed on management strategies to minimize losses.The author(s) declare no conflict of interest.References:Carbone, I., and Kohn, L. M. 1999. Mycologia 91:553. https://doi.org/10.2307/3761358 Crossref, ISI, Google ScholarDoyle, V. P., et al. 2013. PLoS One 8:e62394. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0062394 Crossref, ISI, Google ScholarLima, N. B., et al. 2013. Fungal Divers. 61:75. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-013-0237-6 Crossref, ISI, Google ScholarLiu, F., et al. 2016. BMC Evol. Biol. 16:81. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-016-0649-5 Crossref, ISI, Google ScholarMcInnes, T. B., et al. 1992. Plant Dis. 76:260. https://doi.org/10.1094/PD-76-0260 Crossref, ISI, Google ScholarO'Donnell, K., and Cigelnik, E. 1997. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 7:103. https://doi.org/10.1006/mpev.1996.0376 Crossref, ISI, Google ScholarPrihastuti, H., et al. 2009. Fungal Divers. 39:89. ISI, Google ScholarSilva, D. N., et al. 2012. Mycologia 104:396. https://doi.org/10.3852/11-145 Crossref, ISI, Google ScholarWeir, B. S., et al. 2012. Stud. Mycol. 73:115. https://doi.org/10.3114/sim0011 Crossref, ISI, Google ScholarWhite, T. J., et al. 1990. Page 315 in: PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. Crossref, Google ScholarFunding: Funding was provided by the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan (grant no. 107-2321-B-002-058).The author(s) declare no conflict of interest.DetailsFiguresLiterature CitedRelated Vol. 103, No. 7 July 2019SubscribeISSN:0191-2917e-ISSN:1943-7692 DownloadCaptionApple cultivar Joya Cripps Red lesions caused by Colletotrichum fructicola (Nodet et al.). Photo credit: P. Nodet. Symptoms of Lotus powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe takamatsui (Zhou et al.). Photo credit: C. Liang. Symptoms of tar spot (Phyllachora maydis) on maize leaves (Dalla Lana et al.). Photo credit: F. Dalla Lana. Metrics Article History Issue Date: 20 Jun 2019Published: 16 May 2019First Look: 4 Mar 2019Accepted: 28 Feb 2019 Page: 1775 Information© 2019 The American Phytopathological SocietyFundingMinistry of Science and Technology, TaiwanGrant/Award Number: 107-2321-B-002-058Keywordsstrawberryanthracnose crown rot (ACR)Colletotrichum siamenseThe author(s) declare no conflict of interest.Cited byColletotrichum siamense leaf blight/spot: Characterization of a newly identified disease on Cinnamomum tamala7 April 2023 | Journal of Basic Microbiology, Vol. 63, No. 8Two additional Colletotrichum species causing leaf spot of rambutan ( Nephelium lappaceum )16 March 2023 | Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, Vol. 56, No. 5Sensitivity of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides species complex (CGSC) isolated from strawberry in Taiwan to benzimidazole and strobilurinJournal of Pesticide Science, Vol. 47, No. 4Development of a nested PCR assay for detecting Colletotrichum siamense and Colletotrichum fructicola on symptomless strawberry plants28 June 2022 | PLOS ONE, Vol. 17, No. 6Effectiveness of neutral electrolyzed water and copper oxychloride on fungi spores isolated from tropical fruitsHeliyon, Vol. 7, No. 9Pest categorisation of Colletotrichum fructicolaEFSA Journal, Vol. 19, No. 8Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strains control strawberry anthracnose through antagonistic activity and plant immune response intensificationBiological Control, Vol. 157First Report of Neopestalotiopsis rosae Causing Leaf Blight and Crown Rot on Strawberry in TaiwanH.-Y. 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