公寓的誕生

Abstract

本論文嘗試以台北都市為觀察範圍，重寫「公寓」的歷史。在這個歷史的重溯中，我對於「公寓」誕生的興趣主要在於希望能瞭解，究竟是哪些社會、文化條件 (不論在論述層面或是物質層面) 支持了台北這個城市自1950、60年代開始快速形成的「公寓化」過程? 同時，「住進公寓」帶給人們什麼樣的現代生活想像與期待？而一旦我們看到了這些影響著我們成為一個現代主體的都會居住經驗後，該怎麼將它們編進一個帶著性別視野的建築及都市歷程書寫中？並且又該用什麼樣的話語框架，來呈顯「公寓」作為被歷史地建構為現代都市經驗的一環，為一個現代主體的形塑做出歷史準備？本研究將這些環繞著「公寓」的種種提問放到「公寓體制」（apartment regime）的建構這個研究視點上。亦即，我們用「公寓體制」來作為環繞著公寓而來的各種與現代性經驗有關的權力、知識、制度性話語的概念總稱。在這個認識架構下，本研究以戰後初期的台北市為主要觀察的時空範疇，嘗試從歷史檔案文件中探尋各類住宅治理方案及其體現的現代性經驗，如何逐漸滙聚到「公寓」這個都市主要住宅地景的過程。 在「公寓體制」作為視角的研究探問下，本研究初步得到三項發現。第一項研究發現是：從戰後幾次住宅治理行動中，我們觀察到：一個帶著「擬帝國」想像的國族國家主體慾望在各項住宅治理方案中縷縷浮現。亦即，不論在衛生現代性治理中所衍生的「理想住宅」話語、或是國家首度展開的「都市住宅」示範興建行動、或由蔣宋美齡與婦聯會積極推動的「軍眷住宅運動」、抑或是高玉樹代表的都市治理者手上端出的現代「公寓」住宅方案，我們一再地看到治理行動及話語中反覆出現帶著西方的、美國式的「現代」治理想像。 其次，公寓，這個由島都台北的都市治理者在西方都市情境中尋找到的一劑都市現代化藥帖，在被推出的同時，也將那隨著西化、美國化而生出的、以資本積累邏輯為核心的各種都市、住宅治理技藝帶到人們眼前。從歷史檔案中我們觀察到，「公寓」作為都市現代性的治理技藝之一，不僅僅只停留在轉譯自西方「立體式」住宅形態的表面模仿而已，更關鍵的是整個住宅生產的模式，也愈來愈朝向以專業分工以及現代金融制度為軸心所展開的空間商品化方向靠攏。同時，國家的住宅治理行動明顯地依循著商品化邏輯的態度，譬如，國家幾乎未曾將擁有良好、適當的理想住宅，視為社會弱勢市民應有的居住權利，卻積極於提倡民間儲蓄運動，協助金融機構吸納大量民間資金，促使金融機構展開住宅興建業務，繼而為住宅商品化打下了私人企業插手的基礎。 與此同時，一個帶著新自由婚戀與現代核心家庭想像、以及衛生現代性的家務規訓、和學習理性算計的現代主體，歷史地在公寓體制的建構過程中被打造、銘刻。但這樣的現代主體，卻從來都得以女性作為家務衛生規訓及新家務責任的承擔角色、乃至於自我生育控制為代價。一個歷史地浮現的現代主體，明顯帶著性別化的印記，就是一個性別化了的主體。 透過對1950年代到60年代各項住宅治理方案的歷史鋪陳，本研究試圖澄明，一個性別化的、性化的現代主體，在同時經受著國族國家強力灌注各種「美國化」的現代文化想像、以經濟理性為餌的住宅商品邏輯、以及自由婚戀與異性戀核心家庭的多重召喚下，強化了它對於同樣在國族國家的「擬帝國」想像與商品邏輯下被打造而出的、支撐著現代核心家庭、現代家務生活與現代都會情境而來的「公寓」的期待與認同。歷史地看來，「公寓體制」的打造同時是這個島都中現代主體的打造；「公寓」的誕生，伴隨的是眾多的「我」這樣一個集體的、性別化了的現代主體的誕生。

This study would attempt to conduct observation of Taipei City as its main scope, and re-write the history of “Gong-Yu”(公寓) (walk-up apartment.) During the retrospection of such history, my interest for the “birth of Multi-Story Apartment” is mainly placed in hoping to appreciate exactly what are the social and cultural conditions (no matter if it is with the discursive or material aspect) that have endowed to support the fast process of “apartment-ization” of Taipei during the times between 1950-1960? Meanwhile, exactly what kind of imagination and expectation of modern life have brought to people as they move into apartment? Once we have seen those impacts that have affected us as modern subjects with urban living experiences, how then should we put them into the writing process of architecture and urban process with gender-based perspective? Besides, what kind of discursive framework should we employed to display Gong-Yu -- reckoned as a link of modern urban experience as site of history so that we can work to render a form of modern subject in preparation for history? This study would circle these issues of Gong-Yu as they are being placed on the construction of “apartment regime” – the focus of this research. In other words, we will make use of “apartment regime” as the temporary concept for various kinds of related power, knowledge, and systematic language regarding modern experiences that embraces Gong-Yu. Under such framework of understanding, this study will base on post-war Taipei City during the early days as its primary time-spatial scope for observation, and attempt to discover various kinds of residence governance projects from archives of historical records and their realization for experiences of modernity so that we can gradually work to acquire the converging process of Gong-Yu as main urban-scape in this city.

With the investigation of “apartment regime,” this study has, initially, obtained three findings. First of all, we have observed from several post-war actions of residential governance that the desire with the nation state’s subjectivity endowed with “mimetic imagination” has continuously appeared in each of the residence government projects. In fact, we can, no matter if it is with ideal home derived from hygiene modernity, or demonstration construction action of urban housing initially launched by the state, or “military residence movement” actively marketed by Madame Soon and National Women’s League, or “Gong-Yu” apartment residence project delivered by Kao Yu-shuei, who represents urban administration, once and again find the notion of western and American-style ideal house carried with repeated “modern” governance imagination in its governance action and language.

Second, Gong-Yu, a recipe of urban modernization located by the urban administration at the island city – Taipei – within western urban context, has been brought to the forefront of the people based on the logic of capital accumulation as the core for various urban and residence governance skills as it is being delivered by westernization and Americanization. At the same time, we have also observed that “Gong-Yu,” being one of the governance skills of urban modernity, has not only stayed with superficial imitation such “multi-story” residential mode as translated from the west, but the key would be that the model of the entire residence production has, ever more, turned and tilted to the approach unveiled around the axis of professional division of labor and modern financial system. Meanwhile, the action of state residence governance has, furthermore, evidently followed the attitude of logic for commoditification. Take for instance, the state seems to have never any favorable and suitable ideal house deemed to be the supposedly residential rights of citizens. On the other hand, the state has, on the contrary, actively promoted the civilian population for saving movement, and help financial institutes to massively engross civilian capital, thus facilitating financial institute to start construction businesses for residential apartment, and so as setting down foundation for residential products as intervened by private enterprises.

All at the same time, novel liberal love romance and imagination of modern core family, family routines and disciple of hygiene modernity, and modern subjects learning for rational computation are being historically sculptured and engraved upon the construction process of apartment regime. Nonetheless, such modern subjects have always resorted to female as the role of undertaker for family routines and disciple as well as new family responsibility and also control of self-reproduction as its price. Therefore, the modern subject that has historically surfaced up has clearly carried gender-based mark, turning into gendered subject.

Through the historical elaboration on various kinds of residence governance projects since post-war to 1960s, this study has would attempt to substantiate that a gendered and sexualized modern subject has, at the same time, being vehemently invested by multiple calls as the race and state exploits various kinds of “Americanized” modern and cultural imagination for it employs economic rationality with logic of residential product as its bait, and makes use of liberal love romance, and core family built up with heterogeneous sex. In such a way, it has strengthened the expectation and recognition for “Gong-Yu” that comes along from mimetic imagination of the nation state and capitalist logical as it sustains modern core family, modern life of family route, and modern urban scenario. As one views historically, when “apartment regime” is being generated, it has, as well, created the birth of modern subject at the island city, and the delivery of “Gong-Yu” has then accompanied the naissance of countless “I” --- such a collective and gendered modern subjects.