開放城市：開放原始碼年代的創新城市－孕育Linux-Based EeePC的台北

Abstract

在網路與開放原始碼的共同衝擊下，傳統的創新城市區位理論有了新的挑戰。新近開展的議題是在實體空間中的產業群聚如何與存在於虛擬空間中的開放原始碼社群合作，開發出具市場爆發力的產品。問題的關鍵在於，這兩種技術社群擁有截然不同的創新文化：前者需要依賴封閉與私有化創新成果來壟斷市場以獲取超額利潤；後者則強調創新成果應開放、共享，來使產品具有更好的品質、信任度，以及較低的成本。在技術文化幾乎相互對立的情況下，產業群聚與開放原始碼社群的合作需要一個中介的空間機制來促成兩者之間有效的互動。 從產業群聚如何跨越本身的創新障礙、開放原始碼創新所需要的地方環境條件，以及市民城市的技術運動這三個理論角度著手，本研究嘗試探討這個中介機制的形式、功能與形成動力。本研究認為，這個中介機制的形式是由專案（projects）與會展（fairs）所構成之「暫時的創新氛圍」（temporary innovative milieus）；它的功能在支持用戶創新者（user-innovators）驅動的開放原始碼創新；它的形成動力則來自市民社會的技術運動對於國家與市場力量的動員。傳統創新城市區位理論認為，城市的創新能力受制於其固定的（permanent）環境條件，無論是核心城市的都市資產（assets）或是邊緣城市的都市氛圍（milieu）。然而，要孕育開放原始碼創新，城市需要在其固定環境的基礎上另外創造出一個暫時的創新環境，虛擬的網絡，流動空間。 以孕育出Linux-based EeePC的台北為經驗案例，本研究指出，在開放原始碼年代，城市是動員創意的共同體。創新城市的區位理論不再僵固地侷限於物理空間概念。台北既不是核心城市、也不是邊緣城市，而是擁有市民社會的城市。一種社會學式的城市。再進一步說，這是網絡社會的資訊城市，台北，是節點（node），是全球都會網絡中的創新節點。這個由市民社會所驅動的創新城市模型，本研究暫稱其為「開放城市」（open city）。

Under the impacts of the Internet and open source, the traditional location theory of innovative cities has faced a new challenge. The new developing issue is how the industrial clusters in the physical space can collaborate with the open source communities existed in virtual space to develop products which can breakthrough the market. The key question is both of the two technology communities have distinct cultures of innovation: the former relies on closed and proprietary innovations to monopolize the market for superprofits; the latter stresses that innovation should be open and shared to make products with better quality, trust, and lower costs. Under these contrast circumstances, the cooperation between the Industry clusters and the open source community requires an intermediate spatial mechanism between the two to facilitate effective interaction. From following three theoretical angles, the locational facters of open source innovation, how the industry clusters across their barriers to innovation, and the technological movement of civil society, this study attempts to explore the form, function, and dynamics of formation of this intermediate mechanism. This study suggests that the form of the intermediate mechanism is “temporary innovative milieu” constituted by projects and fairs; its function is to breed user-innovators driven open-source-innovations; and its formation dynamics come from the state and market mobilized by civil society. Traditional location theory of innovative city advocates that the innovative ability of city constraint by their permanent environment factors, whether it is the urban asset of the core city or the urban milieu of the edge city. Based on its fixed environment to nurture open-source-inovation, city needs to create a temporary environment, virtual network, space of flows. The case study of embedded Taipei of Linux-based EeePC pointed out the city is the community to mobilize creativities in the open source era. The location theory of innovative city is no longer rigiditily confined to the concept of physical space. Taipei is not the core city, not the edge city, but the city has civil society- a sociological type of city. Further, this is the information city of the network society, Taipei, is the node , is the innovative node of the global metropolitan network. This study temporarily called this model of innovative city driven by civil society "open city".