陳郁蕙Chen, Yu-Hui臺灣大學:農業經濟學研究所瓦格納Wagner, Jason AlronJason AlronWagner2010-05-112018-06-292010-05-112018-06-292009U0001-0607200910060000http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw//handle/246246/182316ABSTRACTn December 2008 sugar cane quality assessment by core sampling was introduced to determine the payment of cane delivered to the Belize Sugar Industries Limited. This scheme was implemented to address the issue of poor cane quality which had persisted in the sugar industry over the past decade as a result of the traditional method of cane payment that was based on quantity. linear payment scheme was adopted to determine payment to farmers based on the reconciled relative factor of their sugar cane. This new method to determine cane payment referred to as the Core Sampling Payment Scheme was rejected by the cane farmers on the ninth week after its implementation and was subsequently abandoned. Innovation and policy changes are critical to Belize’s sugar industry especially since the industry needs to adapt to the erosion in preferential prices afforded by the European Union for its sugar exports. But policy changes are not easily accepted especially if farmers perceive that they are not provided with the appropriate payment incentives to improve their product quality. If farmers are not convinced of the fairness in payments from a system based on quantity to a new payment method based on quality to compensate them for their increase in effort utilization to improve product quality, then they will fail to embrace the implementation of this new payment scheme.his paper presents a generalized economic model to represent the relationship between farmer’s effort and cane quality under a payment system based on quantity. It expresses the changes in effort utilization and the profit maximization decision of the farmer that will occur from one payment scheme based on quantity to one on quality, and the impact of improved cane quality on the Belize Sugar Industries Limited cost of production. n reality it is difficult to implement a new payment scheme based on quality to replace a system on quantity because of the complexities involved to equitably determine and quantify the appropriate factors and variables to serve as the basis to determine the distribution of payments. Moreover there is also the resistance on the part of farmers who are unprepared to improve the quality of their cane without the help from their Farmers Association or from the industry itself. ince under the new payment scheme the Belize Sugar Industries Limited payment for sugar cane was the same as that under the traditional scheme, our analysis revealed that a possible approach to provide incentives for the majority of cane farmers to improve product quality was for the Belize Sugar Industries Limited to study the relationship between farmer’s effort and cane quality improvement and its impact on their cost of processing sugar, and share the gains that they would realize as a result of improved cane quality with the cane farmers. Otherwise only the farmers would incur the burden of improving their cane quality, while BSIL benefited from their efforts.TABLE OF CONTENTaster Thesis Certification by Oral Defense Committee………………………………..icknowledgement iibstract iiiable of Content vist of Figures viiiist of Tables ixHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 1.1: Context & Background Issues 1.2: Objectives of the Study 4.2.1: Structure of Research 5.3: Definition of Measurements/Units & Terms 6HAPTER II: OVERVIEW OF THE SUGAR CANE INDUSTRY IN BELIZE 7.1: History of Sugar Cane Production in Northern Belize 8.2: Recent Developments 9.3: The Sugar Cane Production Region 9.4: Contribution of the Sugar Cane Industry to Belize 10.5: Ownership Structure of Belize Sugar Industries Limited 13.6: Regulation of the Sugar Cane Industry 14.7: Export Market’s for Belize’s Sugar 17.7.1: European Union 18.7.2: United States of America (USA) 19.7.3: CARICOM (the Caribbean Community) 20.7.4: Canada 20.7.5: The Rest of the World 21.8: Reform of the ACP/EU Sugar Protocol (SP) 27HAPTER III: SUGAR CANE PAYMENT SCHEMES 32.1: Traditional Payment Scheme (TPS) 32.2: Background on Core Sampling Payment Scheme (CSPS) 36.3: The Sugar Cane Quality Control Authority (SCQCA) 39.4: Method of Core Sampling Extraction 40.5: Formulae Used for the Payment of a tonne of sugar cane as per the CSPS 43.6: Determination of Cane Quality under the CSPS 45.7: Sensitization on the Core Sampling Payment Scheme 48.7.1 Core Sampling Payment Scheme (Non Voluntary Participants) 49.7.2: Core Sampling Payment Scheme (Voluntary Participants) 50.8: Timeline on the Termination of the Core Sampling Payment Scheme in the Sugar Industry 51HAPTER IV: MODEL AND RESULTS 54.1: Cost of Sugar Cane Growing 54.2: Cost of Sugar Cane Processing 55.3: Traditional Payment Scheme (TPS) 56.4: Mandatory Core Sampling Payment Scheme 57.5: Voluntary Core Sampling Payment Scheme 62.6 Impact of Farmer’s Effort on BSIL Cost of Processing Sugar & on Farmer’s Profits 64.7: Data Limitations 66.8: Introduction of Data 66.9: What the CQL Data Reveals 70.10: The Effects of Effort on Crop and Sugar Cane Quality 75.10.1: Quality of Sugar Cane in Belize 77HAPTER V: DISCUSSION 82.1: Issues Relating to the CSPS 82.2: Sampling Extraction 82.3: Determination of Cane Quality on a Relative Weekly Factor Assessment 86.4: Effects of Cancelled Samples 88.5: Categorization of Farmers who would object to the Voluntary CSPS 89.6: Policy Recommendation 92HAPTER VI: CONCLUSION 94eferences 98IST OF FIGURESigure 2. 1: Quantity of Sugar Cane Harvested in Belize (1961-2008) 11igure 2. 2: Area of Sugarcane Harvested in Belize (1961-2008) 11igure 2. 3: Act Regulating Sugar Industry in Belize 16igure 2. 4: Statistics on Sugar in Belize (1975 – 2008) 22igure 2. 5: Belize’s Sugar Exports by Market Share (1978-2008) 23igure 2. 6: Yearly Average value of a long tonne of sugar exported from Belize (1978-2008) 24igure 3. 1: Timeline for Sugarcane Crop Season & Payment Schedule………...…….32igure 3. 2: Tonne Cane to Tonne Sugar Ratio (TC/TS) 1975-2008 38igure 3. 3: Comparison of CSPS with TPS 46igure 4. 1: Average Cane Quality and Farmer’s Effort Under the TPS………………56igure 4. 2: Impact of Farmer’s Effort and Average Cane Quality on BSIL’s Processing Cost 58igure 4. 3: Effects of the CSPS when Compared with the TPS 61igure 4. 4: Impact of Farmers Effort on Average Cane Quality & BSIL’s Processing Cost 64igure 4. 5: Comparisons of Weekly Reconciled Average Relative Factors 72igure 4. 6: Comparison of Ranges of Weekly Farmer''s TC/TS Ratios 78igure 4. 7: Distribution of Farmer''s TC/TS Ratio (by number of farmers) 81igure 4. 8: Distribution of Farmer''s TC/TS Ratio (by percentage) 81igure 5. 1: Weekly Weight Distribution of Farmer''s Truckload Deliveries……….….85igure 5. 2: Weekly Weight Distribution of Farmer''s Truckload Deliveries 85IST OF TABLESable 2. 1: Over View of the Belize Sugar Industry 2001-2005 12able 2. 2: Contribution of the Sugar Industry to Belize’s Economy (1995-2004) 13able 2. 3: Destination of Sugar Production (In Tonnes) 25able 2. 4: Destination of Sugar Production (In Percentage) 26able 2. 5: Reform of the ACP/EU Sugar Protocol 28able 2. 6: Transformation of the Trading Arrangements with the EU 30able 3. 1: Average Price Paid to Farmers for a long tonne of Sugar Cane 35able 3. 2: Abbreviation of Variables used in Cane Quality Determination 44able 4. 1: Data from the Cane Quality Laboratory (Weeks 1 to 8 of the 2009 crop season) 69able 4. 2: Core Sampling Payments 73able 4. 3: Reconciled Relative Factor of Sugar Extractable 74able 4. 4: Values of Farmer’s TC/TS Ratio (Weeks 1- 8) 79application/pdf1594697 bytesapplication/pdfen-US貝里斯糖業限制給付措施農民誘因甘蔗品質Belize Sugar Industries Limited (BSIL)Core Sampling Payment SchemeFarmers EffortSugar Cane Qualitythesishttp://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw/bitstream/246246/182316/1/ntu-98-R96627029-1.pdf