2016-01-012024-05-17https://scholars.lib.ntu.edu.tw/handle/123456789/690194摘要：精確的活體量測並量化犬隻膝關節三維運動將有助於進一步了解犬後肢的動作協調和犬肢膝關節疾病與治療的生物力學評估。過去許多犬後肢生物力學研究仰賴於使用皮膚表面標記點的三維動作捕捉系統，非侵入式的量化犬隻於活動過程中的後肢運動表現。然而，這類運用皮膚表面標記點的動作捕捉技術都會受到所謂的軟組織移動誤差的影響，這類誤差的特性來自於皮膚表面標記點並非直接與骨頭相連接，犬隻的活動將會導致標記點相對於骨頭之間的相對運動，而最終導致無法正確的重建出骨關節的活動。雖然軟組織移動誤差在人類的動作分析領域中已有廣泛的研究，然而在犬隻的動作分析領域卻鮮少談及此問題。近年來，整合皮膚表面標記點動作捕捉系統與結合立體骨模型與透視攝影的影像配準法(簡稱: 三維透視攝影術)被用來量測人類的軟組織移動誤差，並進一步量化這些誤差對於計算關節運動與合力的影響。透過如斯的技術整合，我們將可進一步分析探討犬後肢的軟組織移動誤差與其對後續生物力學變數分析的影響。 為了降低軟組織移動誤差對動作分析系統所帶來的誤差影響，得到更準確的關節運動參數，數種專為人體下肢所設計的誤差補償數學模型被紛紛提出。透過適當的針對犬後肢幾何特徵做調整，誤差補償模型將有望可應用於犬隻步態分析。一旦我們可得到量化的軟組織移動誤差值，誤差補償模型在修正並定義犬膝關節運動的精確性將可得到進一步的評估。 基於上述議題，本計畫旨在(一)透過整合皮膚表面標記點動作捕捉系統與三維透視攝影術，量測犬隻大腿與小腿上的皮膚標記點在不同膝關節角度下的軟組織移動誤差;(二)評估這些軟組織移動誤差對於分析計算犬膝關節運動時的誤差影響;(三)評估誤差補償模型在修正並定義犬膝關節運動時的表現。 藉由完成以上所列之工作項目與目標，我們將可完整的量化犬後肢大小腿的軟組織移動誤差與其對膝關節運動學變數的影響，並可進一步評估誤差補償模型在修正並定義犬膝關節運動時的表現。我們期望本計畫的研究成果，將有助於建立一標準的犬隻動作分析運動學模型，以精確定量犬隻關節運動學變數，貢獻於犬隻生物力學與骨外科領域的研究。 <br> Abstract: Accurate quantification of in vivo three-dimensional (3-D) kinematics of the stifle joint of canine is essential for a better understanding of coordination of the canine hind limb and for the biomechanical evaluation of joint diseases and the associated treatment outcomes. Many biomechanical studies on the canine hind limb have been carried out by means of a so-called “marker-based motion analysis” to quantify non-invasively the 3-D movement of the canine hind limb during activities. However, a major source of errors in marker-based motion analysis is the associated soft tissue artifacts (STA) characterized as the movement of the skin markers relative to the underlying bones. Although the STA associated to the human motion analysis had been extensively investigated, the relevant studies on canine hind limb are limited. Recent years, the approach of integrating a marker-based motion analysis and model-to-fluoroscopy registration methods (3-D fluoroscopy) has been used to measure the STA and quantify their effects on the calculated kinematic and kinetic variables in human studies. It appears that the same approach would be useful for assessing the STA of the canine hind limb and their effects on the calculation of stifle kinematics. In order to resolve the STA associated to the skin marker-based motion analysis for a better determination of accurate joint kinematics, a number of STA-compensation models specialized for human lower limbs were proposed. Through the suitable modification of the model for dogs, it is straightforward to apply it to compensate the STA in canine gait analysis. Once the STA and their effects on the calculation of canine stifle kinematics are known, the performance of such the STA-compensation models on the determination of canine stifle kinematics can be evaluated. To address the issues raised in the above introduction, this project aims (1) to assess in vivo the STA of selected markers on the thigh and shank of the canine hind limb at different stifle flexion angles by integrating 3-D fluoroscopy method and skin marker-based motion capture systems; (2) to evaluate the effects of these STA on the calculated kinematics of the stifle joint; and (3) to evaluate the performance of the STA-compensation models on the determination of kinematics of the canine stifle joint. Through the completion of the above tasks, a complete assessment of the STA on the thigh and shank and their effects on the calculated stifle kinematics will be performed. With the quantitative STA data, the performance of the STA-compensation models on the determination of canine stifle kinematics will be evaluated. It is hoped that the findings in the current project will be helpful for establishing a standard kinematic model for accurate canine gait analysis.膝關節犬軟組織移動誤差透視攝影動作分析步態stifle jointcaninesoft tissue artifactsfluoroscopymotion analysis and gait