Liu C.-T.Raghu R.Lin S.-H.Wang S.-Y.CHING-HUA KUOTseng Y.J.Sheen L.-Y.2021-06-042021-06-042013218561https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84888330020&doi=10.1021%2fjf403523g&partnerID=40&md5=3ffe7b45c25235f5f3e0d391a2eb5c00https://scholars.lib.ntu.edu.tw/handle/123456789/565226Fatty liver is significantly associated with hepatic cirrhosis and liver cancer. Excessive alcohol consumption causes alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD). Ginger has been reported to exhibit antioxidant potential and hepatoprotective activity. In the present study, a mouse model for AFLD was developed by employing male C57BL/6 mice that were fed an alcohol-containing liquid diet (Lieber-DeCarli diet) ad libitum. In the treatment groups, ginger essential oil (GEO) and citral were orally administered every day for 4 weeks. Serum biochemical analysis, antioxidant enzyme activity analysis, and histopathological evaluation revealed that GEO and citral exhibited hepatoprotective activity against AFLD. Metabolites in serum samples were profiled by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-QTOF-MS). Metabolomic data indicated the amounts of metabolites such as d-glucurono-6,3-lactone, glycerol-3-phosphate, pyruvic acid, lithocholic acid, 2-pyrocatechuic acid, and prostaglandin E1 were increased after alcohol administration, but the levels were recovered in treatment groups. The analysis indicated that ginger possesses hepatoprotective properties against AFLD. Furthermore, these metabolites can serve as early noninvasive candidate biomarkers in the clinical application of AFLD for health management. ? 2013 American Chemical Society.[SDGs]SDG3AFLD; Antioxidant enzyme activity; Antioxidant potential; ginger; Ginger essential oil; Hepatoprotective activities; Metabolomics; Quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry; Biomarkers; Biomolecules; Body fluids; Food additives; High performance liquid chromatography; Mammals; Mass spectrometry; Metabolites; Monoterpenes; Nutrition; Plants (botany); 2,3 dihydroxybenzoic acid; 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid; essential oil; hydroxybenzoic acid derivative; pyruvic acid; vegetable oil; alcoholic fatty liver; animal; article; C57BL mouse; chemistry; disease model; drug effect; ginger; human; liver; male; metabolism; metabolomics; mouse; Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Fatty Liver, Alcoholic; Ginger; Humans; Hydroxybenzoates; Liver; Male; Metabolomics; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Oils, Volatile; Plant Oils; Pyruvic Acidjournal article10.1021/jf403523g241713852-s2.0-84888330020