陳月枝臺灣大學:護理學研究所施淑芬Shih, Shu-FenShu-FenShih2007-11-272018-07-072007-11-272018-07-072007http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw//handle/246246/55753本研究目的旨在探討發展檢核對父母的兒童發展認知、就醫態度與行為之影響。根據統計,發展遲緩兒童約佔學齡前期兒童的5-10%(蔡等,2005),而臺灣發展遲緩兒童被發現比例僅有0.6-0.8%,且國民健康局(2002)統計資料顯示,疑似發展遲緩兒童就醫率約37.9%。若以94年度出生約二十萬餘人來推估,目前臺灣地區六歲以下約有七萬二千名至九萬六千名遲緩兒童,而就醫者卻僅有2728至3683名兒童。 Glasco(2004)指出,發展遲緩兒童若能在學齡期之前診斷並接受療育,可增加自尊、就學率、生活品質、減少本身障礙程度、家庭負擔及社會成本。有鑑於此,研究者將探討發展檢核對父母的兒童發展認知、就醫態度與行為之影響,以了解發展遲緩兒童就醫率偏低之相關因素。 本研究採橫斷式研究設計。以立意取樣方式選取臺北縣托兒所及某醫學中心健兒門診之兒童及父母,以「父母對兒童發展的認知」、「就醫態度」及「就醫行為」量表進行資料收集,並以「學前兒童發展檢核表」進行檢核,於一個月後再次進行發展檢核及填寫此三份問卷。資料收集後,依據研究目的及變項性質以SPSS 13.0進行統計與分析。研究結果如下: 一、父母在兒童發展定義方面的認知得分最差,對於發展遲緩的治 療及早期療育相關知識方面的認知得分最好。 二、父母就醫態度偏正向傾向,其中以就醫的正面態度得分最高, 就醫的負面態度得分最低。 三、發展檢核前,父母就醫行為偏低,發展檢核後,就醫行為明顯 增加。 四、整體而言,父母對兒童發展的認知與就醫態度、行為無關,但 就醫態度與就醫行為之間呈現正相關。 五、通過及不通過組於發展檢核前後,其認知、態度、行為成正相 關。 六、第一次發展檢核不通過人數為28人(17.3%),第二次發展檢核不 通過人數為12人(7.4%),於檢核後2個月,共有9名兒童就醫。 七、發展檢核前,發展檢核「通過」組之父母對兒童發展的認知高 於「不通過」組,就醫行為及就醫態度則無差異;發展檢核 後,「通過」組及「不通過」組之兒童發展認知、就醫態度及 就醫行為則無差異。 八、發展檢核後之認知、態度及行為平均分數皆有增加情形。 根據以上研究提出以下幾點建議: 1.落實兒童發展檢核,建議由醫療院所與托兒所形成一個社區網 路,定期為兒童進行發展檢核。 2.建議幼教老師加強並宣導兒童發展檢核,以達到早期發現、早期 療育之目的。 3.政府機關應透過媒體宣導發展遲緩及早期療育之相關知識。 4.增加3-7歲兒童預防保健服務。 5.增加健兒手冊發展檢核題目。 整體而言,發展檢核確能提高父母對兒童發展的認知、就醫態度及就醫行為,更能早期發現發展遲緩兒童,並增加就醫率。期望藉由本研究可讓政府機關、醫療相關人員及幼教老師正視兒童發展檢核的重要性,以達到早期發現、早期療育之目的。The purpose of this research is to explore about the impact of developmental screening on the parents' cognition of child development, and attitude and behavior in seeking medical care .It is estimated to be there are 5 to 10% of the children in preschool are suffering from developmental delay(Tsai,2005) ; rates of children found being with developmental delay is only 0.6-0.8% in Taiwan, and the ratio of those Children’ seeking medical care who are possibly with developmental delay is 37.9% on the basis of B.H.P. statistic in 2002. If we assume approximately200,000 infants were born in 2005, there are approximately 72,000 to 96,000 children with development delay who are under 6 years old. However, there are only 2728 to 3683 children who had been treated. Glasco(2004)contended that if those children with developmental delay were able to be identified and treated before school age, the self-esteem, schooling ratio, and life quality would increase, and the disability level, family burden, and community cost would decrease . Thus, the researcher will explore the impact of developmental screening on the parents' cognition of child development, and attitude and behavior in seeking medical care. By doing so, we hope to understand why the rate of children with Developmental delay being treated is so low. This research is a cross-sectional study. Via purposive sampling, participants are selected from some health center and kindergartens in Taipei County. Data are collected by these three questionnaires: “parents’ cognition of child development”, “attitude in seeking medical care ”, and “behaviors in seeking medical care ”. Furthermore, the children will also be screened by the “Preschool Child Developmental Screening”. After one month, they will be reassessed by the previous steps. Collected, data are analyzed and compiled statistics by SPSS 13.0 on the base of the purpose of this research and of variables. Our results and findings of this study are as follows: 1. The score is the lowest in parents’ cognition of the definition of child development, yet the score is the highest in parents’ cognition of treatment of development delay and of early treatment. 2. Parents’ attitude in seeking medical care tends to be positive. The positive attitude in seeking medical care scores highest, while the negative attitude in seeking medical care scores lowest. 3. Parents’ behaviors in seeking medical care have a tendency to be lower. After developmental screening, behaviors that seek medical treatment have apparently increased. 4. Generally speaking, parents’ cognition of child development has no correlation with attitude in seeking medical care and behavior in seeking medical care. However, there is a positive correlation attitude in seeking medical care and behavior in seeking medical care. 5. Before and after the developmental screening, cognition, attitude, and behaviors are positively related among the group passing the test and that failing the test. 6. 28 participants (17.3%) failed the first development screening at the first time, and the number of children who failed the second development screening at the second time was 12.(7.4%). Totally, there are 9 children seeking for medical treatment after 2 months counting from the date of the examination. 7. Before development screening being done, the parents’ cognition of child development whose child passed the development screening is higher than those whose child failed the test at the first time. What is more, there is no difference between attitude and behavior. After development screening being conducted, cognition of child development, attitude in medical, and behavior in medical have no difference among those who passed the development screening and those who did not. 8. After development screening being conducted, scores in cognition, attitude, and behaviors all increase. Based on the aforementioned results and findings, we propose some suggestions as follows: 1. It is essential to fulfill child development screening. We suggest hospitals and kindergarten should be the ones which are responsible for organizing a community network. And they are supposed to conduct development screening for children regularly.. 2. It is suggested that nursery teachers should promote child development screening more fully. By doing so, development delay can be identified and treated as early as possible. 3. Taiwanese government needs to promote information and knowledge pertaining to development delay via media. 4. It is recommended to enhance preventive health care services for children who are from 3~7 years old. 5. We suggest to increase the number of the questions of developmental screening in booklets of children's health. In conclusion, developmental screening can surely enhance parents’ cognition of child development, attitude in seeking medical care, and behavior in seeking medical care. What is more, through development screening, we can identify children with developmental delay earlier, improving rates of seeking medical care. Via this research, we hope Taiwanese government and the medical staff and nursery teachers can pay close attention to the significance of child development screening, so we are more capable of identifying sickness and intervening as early as possible.目錄 致謝………………………………………………………………………Ⅰ 中文摘要…………………………………………………………………Ⅱ 英文摘要…………………………………………………………………Ⅳ 目錄………………………………………………………………………Ⅶ 圖表目錄…………………………………………………………………Ⅹ 第一章、緒論 第一節 研究動機與重要性……………………………………………………1 第二節 研究目的………………………………………………………………2 第三節 研究問題………………………………………………………………3 第四節 名詞界定………………………………………………………………4 第二章、文獻查證 第一節 兒童發展………………………………………………………………6 第二節 發展遲緩兒童……………………………………………………… 9 第三節 早期療育…………………………………………………………… 14 第四節 就醫態度與行為…………………………………………………… 23 第五節 認知、態度與行為………………………………………………… 26 第六節 兒童發展檢核測量工具…………………………………………… 28 第三章、研究方法 第一節 研究架構…………………………………………………………… 33 第二節 研究假設…………………………………………………………… 35 第三節 研究設計…………………………………………………………… 36 第四節 研究對象及場所…………………………………………………… 37 第五節 研究工具…………………………………………………………… 40 第六節 研究工具之信效度檢定…………………………………………… 43 第七節 研究步驟及資料收集過程………………………………………… 46 第八節 資料分析與處理……………………………………………………49 第九節 倫理考量……………………………………………………………50 第四章、研究結果 第一節 兒童及父母個人基本屬性及相關資料……………………………51 第二節 父母對兒童發展的認知……………………………………………67 第三節 就醫態度……………………………………………………………72 第四節 就醫行為……………………………………………………………74 第五節 兒童發展檢核結果…………………………………………………76 第六節 影響父母對兒童發展的認知與就醫態度及就醫行為之相關 因素…………………………………………………………………80 第七節 發展檢核前後兩組父母對兒童發展認知、就醫態度、就醫行為 之差異………………………………………………………………99 第五章、討論 第一節 發展檢核對全體父母之影響……………………………… 108 第二節 發展檢核對兩組父母之影響………………………………… 115 第三節 基本屬性與兒童發展的認知、就醫態度及行為之間的 相關性……………………………………………………… 118 第四節 兒童發展檢核之結果…………………………………………… 122 第五節 臺灣教育、衛生、社政體系對發現發展遲緩兒童之現行狀況.124 第六章、結論與建議 第一節 結論……………………………………………………………… 130 第二節 護理應用與建議………………………………………………… 134 第三節 研究限制與建議………………………………………………… 137 參考文獻 中文部份……………………………………………………………………… 139 英文部份……………………………………………………………………… 144 附錄 附件一 聯合評估中心…………………………………………………………146 附件二 參與研究同意書………………………………………………………147 附件三 問卷效度評定專家名單………………………………………………149 附件四 問卷內容………………………………………………………………150 附件五 兒童預防保健服務補助時程及服務項目……………………………178 附件六 健兒手冊兒童發展相關項目…………………………………………179 圖表目錄 圖 圖一 發展遲緩兒童早期療育通報、轉介、評估暨安置辦理流程……………18 圖二 台北市立聯合醫院婦幼院區早療評估中心--兒童發展評估中心………19 圖三 彰化基督教醫院兒童發展中心運作模式……………………………… 20 圖四 花蓮慈濟醫院兒童發展聯合評估中心………………………………… 20 圖五 成功大學附設醫院兒童發展聯合評估中心…………………………… 21 圖六 研究概念架構圖………………………………………………………… 34 圖七 資料收集流程圖……………………………………………………………48 圖八 發展檢核前、後認知分數比較圖……………………………………… 114 圖九 發展檢核前、後態度分數比較圖……………………………………… 114 圖十 發展檢核前、後行為分數比較圖……………………………………… 114 圖十一 發展檢核前後兩組父母對兒童發展認知之差異……………………… 117 圖十二 發展檢核前後兩組父母就醫態度之差異……………………………… 117 圖十三 發展檢核前後兩組父母就醫行為之差異……………………………… 117 表 表2-1 兒童發展常模………………………………………………………………7 表2-2 美國對發展遲緩的定義………………………………………………… 10 表2-3 發展遲緩相關原因分類………………………………………………… 11 表2-4 國內早期發現遲緩兒童之相關研究與統計資料……………………… 13 表2-5 國內早期療育服務發展沿革與制度…………………………………… 15 表2-6 國外發展檢核工具……………………………………………………… 28 表2-7 國內發展檢核工具……………………………………………………… 29 表2-8 學前兒童發展檢核表內部一致性係數………………………………… 30 表2-9 觀察者間信度、再測一致性與同年齡追蹤一致性…………………… 31 表3-1 受邀請之台北縣托兒所………………………………………………… 37 表3-2 受邀請之淡水鎮托兒所………………………………………………… 38 表3-3 研究工具之信度檢定…………………………………………………… 43 表3-4 各量表內容效度之平均得分及專家一致性…………………………… 45 表4-1 研究問卷收集情況一覽表……………………………………………… 51 表4-2 兒童基本資料分析表…………………………………………………… 57 表4-3 父母基本資料分析表…………………………………………………… 59 表4-4 發展檢核前各量表得分狀況表………………………………………… 69 表4-5 發展檢核後各量表得分狀況表………………………………………… 69 表4-6 發展檢核前--父母對兒童發展的認知選答狀況……………………… 70 表4-7 發展檢核後--父母對兒童發展的認知選答狀況.................. 71 表4-8 發展檢核前--就醫態度填答狀況……………………………………… 73 表4-9 發展檢核後--就醫態度填答狀況……………………………………… 73 表4-10 發展檢核前--就醫行為填答狀況………………………………………75 表4-11 發展檢核後--就醫行為填答狀況………………………………………75 表4-12 檢核結果…………………………………………………………………77 表4-13 檢核結果未通過題數及相關資料………………………………………78 表4-14 年齡因素影響發展檢核通過與否的邏輯斯迴歸分析……………… 79 表4-15 兒童基本屬性對父母認知、態度與行為之變異數分析 …………… 84 表4-16 父母基本屬性對父母認知、態度與行為之變異數分析………………87 表4-17 研究對象基本屬性與認知、態度、行為之相關性分析 …………… 91 表4-18 兒童發展檢核前、後父母對兒童發展的認知得分比較………………93 表4-19 兒童發展檢核前、後父母就醫態度得分比較…………………………94 表4-20 兒童發展檢核前:後父母就醫行為得分比較…………………………95 表4-21 發展檢核前後父母對兒童發展的認知、就醫態度及行為之相關分析97 表4-22 影響發展檢核通過與否的邏輯斯迴歸分析…………………………… 98 表4-23 發展檢核前兩組父母對兒童發展認知之差異…………………………102 表4-24 發展檢核前兩組父母就醫態度之差異…………………………………103 表4-25 發展檢核前兩組父母就醫行為之差異…………………………………104 表4-26 發展檢核後兩組父母對兒童發展認知之差異……………………… 105 表4-27 發展檢核後兩組父母就醫態度之差異…………………………………106 表4-28 發展檢核後兩組父母就醫行為之差異…………………………………107 表5-1 發展檢核前後兩組父母對兒童發展的認知、就醫態度及行為之 相關分析………………………………………………………………… 120 表5-2 發展檢核前後(以三歲分組)父母對兒童發展的認知、就醫態度 及行為之相關分析……………………………………………………… 121 表5-3 通過第二次發展檢核之題目屬性……………………………………… 123 表5-4 發展遲緩兒童早期療育服務實施計劃…………………………… 126 表5-5 健兒手冊與學前兒童發展檢核表發展項目之比較…………………… 127 表5-6 托兒所及幼稚園之比較………………………………………………… 129en-US發展檢核兒童發展認知就醫態度就醫行為Developmental ScreeningCognition of Child DevelopmentAttitude in Seeking Medical CareBehavior in Seeking Medical Care發展檢核對父母的兒童發展認知、就醫態度與行為之影響The Impact of Developmental Screening on the Parents' Cognition of Child Development, and Attitude and Behavior in Seeking Medical Careother