PEI-MING HOKawai HYokokura Y.2022-04-252022-04-25202210298479https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85122764796&doi=10.1007%2fJHEP01%282022%29019&partnerID=40&md5=91b6096738795092128ca93b9a593011https://scholars.lib.ntu.edu.tw/handle/123456789/606640In the background of a gravitational collapse, we compute the transition amplitudes for the creation of particles for distant observers due to higher-derivative interactions in addition to Hawking radiation. The amplitudes grow exponentially with time and become of order 1 when the collapsing matter is about a Planck length outside the horizon. As a result, the effective theory breaks down at the scrambling time, invalidating its prediction of Hawking radiation. Planckian physics comes into play to decide the fate of black-hole evaporation. ? 2022, The Author(s).Black Holes; Effective Field Theories;journal article10.1007/JHEP01(2022)0192-s2.0-85122764796