郭振泰臺灣大學：土木工程學研究所楊州斌Yang, Chou-PingChou-PingYang2007-11-252018-07-092007-11-252018-07-092005http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw//handle/246246/50180本研究目的主要為發展濕地、滯留池之水質及生態數學模式。利用岡山本洲工業區滯留池及二重疏洪道濕地的實測水理、水質及生態資料來檢定、驗證模式，以建立模式之可靠性。最重要的貢獻為修改WASP/EUTRO5模式，同時撰寫一生態模式及底泥傳輸模式與它相結合，並將此模式成功的應用於二重疏洪道濕地。研究內容包括： (1)對二重疏洪道濕地進行水理、水質及生態數據之現場採樣。因二重疏洪道濕地屬於感潮河段，每日有二次之漲、退潮，故現場採樣需配合潮汐表。自民國91年11月至92年4月，每月採樣一次，總共外出作業六次，每次採樣之水質分析由中央研究院植物所及國立中山大學研究團隊協助。 (2)發展一簡化濕地、滯留池之水質數學模式，並應用於高雄縣岡山本洲工業區滯留池。利用成大環工所所採集的野外資料於模式之驗證。 (3)發展濕地一維質量傳輸模式、二維水理與水質數學模式及二維水質與生態數學模式，並將模式應用於二重疏洪道濕地。水質模式之建立採用WASP為架構。先從一維之簡易系統入手，建立質量傳輸模式用鹽分 (salinity) 之數據作驗證，同時對懸浮固體物及重金屬 (包括鋅、銅、鎘) 進行模擬，其結果相當良好。第二步之模式係建立二維之水質與生態模式。先作二維之水理模擬 (利用RMA2模式)，再以其結果驅動二維之WASP模擬，同時再進行重金屬與生態之模擬，模式中並考慮底泥作用、生態 (水生植物) 之影響。The purpose of this study was to develop wetland water quality and ecosystem models. The observed hydrologic, hydrodynamic, water quality and ecosystem data for model calibration and verification included from the Ben-Chou Industrial Park wet detention pond and the Erh-Chung Flood Way wetland. The RMA2 and WASP/EUTRO5 models were used as the basic framework with modifications and enhancement of kinetics to incorporate ecosystem dynamics and sediment-water interactions. The developed modeling framework was applied to Erh-Chung Flood Way wetland with a 2-D spatial configuration. To aid model development and model calibration and verification, a field sampling program was conducted from November 2002 through April 2003 at a frequency of once a month to gather data from Erh-Chung Flood Way wetland. Field sampling included hydrodynamic, water quality, and ecosystem data. The first part of this research was to develop a simplified water quality model for wetland, for which the data was collected from the wet detention pond at Ben-Chou Industrial Park of Kaohsiung County. The second part was to develop one-dimensional mass transport model and two-dimensional depth-averaged hydrodynamic and water quality models as well as water quality and ecosystem models. These models were applied to the Erh-Chung Flood Way wetland in northern Taiwan and configured the model based on WASP. First, one-dimensional mass transport of EUTRO5 model was developed to simulate salinity, suspended solids, and heavy metals concentrations. Favorable model calibration results were obtained. That followed the development of a two-dimensional depth-averaged hydrodynamic and water quality models. Hydrodynamic and water quality studies employed RMA2 and WASP/EUTRO5 models, respectively. Results from the RMA2 model were used to develop mass transport for the WASP/EUTRO5 mdoel. Finally, a two-dimensional depth-averaged water quality and ecosystem model was developed to simulate heavy metals and ecosystem in the wetland ecosystem. The models also considered sediments and aquatic plants mechanism.TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements (Chinese) i Abstract (Chinese) ii Abstract iii Table of Contents iv List of Tables vii List of Figures viii CHAPTER PAGE 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Objective and Scope of the Study 3 1.3 Thesis Outline 4 2. LITERATURE REVIEW OF WETLANDS MODELS 7 2.1 Nutrient Removal in Wetlands 7 2.2 Hydrodynamic Model for Wetlands 8 2.3 Water Quality Model for Wetlands 11 2.4 Modeling the Fate of Heavy Metals in Wetlands 13 3. A SIMPLIFIED WATER QUALITY MODEL FOR WETLANDS 16 3.1 The Wetland System and the Availability of Data 16 3.1.1 Ben-Chou Industrial Park Wet Detention Pond 16 3.1.2 Hydrodynamic, Suspended Solids, and Total Phosphorus Data 17 3.2 Governing Equations 18 3.2.1 Hydrologic Balance Equation 18 3.2.2 Pollutant Mass Balance Equations 18 3.3 Description of Model Parameters 21 3.3.1 Volatilization Velocity 21 3.3.2 Settling Velocity 22 3.3.3 Resuspension Velocity 23 3.3.4 Diffusive Mixing Velocity 23 3.3.5 Burial Velocity 24 3.3.6 Decay Rate of the Pollutant 24 3.3.7 Partition Coefficient 25 3.4 Model Results 26 3.5 Discussions 28 4. HYDRODYNAMIC AND WATER QUALITY MODELS FOR WETLANDS 40 4.1 Erh-Chung Flood Way Wetland 40 4.2 Data Collection and Sample Analyses 42 4.3 Modeling Approach 43 4.3.1 Hydrodynamic Model 43 4.3.2 Water Quality Model 46 4.4 Mass Transport Model Results 48 4.4.1 Data to Support the Mass Transport Modeling Calculations 48 4.4.2 Model Segmentation and Mass Transport 49 4.5 Hydrodynamic Simulations and Results 52 4.5.1 Hydrodynamic Simulation 52 4.5.2 Modeling Results 53 4.6 Water Quality Model Results 53 4.6.1 Deriving Model Input 53 4.6.2 Water Quality Model Configuration 55 4.6.3 Water Quality Model Results 56 4.6.4 Model Sensitivity Analysis 59 5. WATER QUALITY AND ECOSYSTEM MODELS FOR WETLANDS 100 5.1 Description of Model Kinetics 100 5.1.1 Macrophyte Biomass 101 5.1.2 Suspended Solids in the Water Column and Sediment 102 5.1.3 Heavy Metals in Macrophytes 103 5.1.4 Heavy Metals in the Water Column and Sediment 104 5.1.5 Litter Decomposition 105 5.2 Water Quality and Ecosystem Model Results 106 5.2.1 Water Quality and Ecosystem Model Configuration 106 5.2.2 Water Quality and Ecosystem Model Results 107 5.3 Modeling Sediment-Water Interactions 109 5.4 Model Sensitivity Analysis 111 6. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS 130 6.1 Summary 130 6.2 Conclusions 132 6.3 Recommendations 133 REFERENCES 135 Appendix I: Kinetics Equations of the Standard WASP/EUTRO5 Model 143 About the Author 148 LIST OF TABLES TABLES PAGE 3-1 Kinetic coefficients for the Ben-Chou Industrial Park wet detention pond 30 4-1 Hydraulic constants of mass transport model for the Erh-Chung Flood Way wetland from Nov. 8, 2002 to April 13, 2003 60 4-2 Major Advective Flows at Station EC1 (Upstream Boundary) in the Erh- Chung Flood Way wetland from Nov. 8, 2002 to April 13, 2003 61 4-3 EUTRO5 water-column kinetic coefficients for the Erh-Chung Flood Way wetland 62 4-4 Quantitative assessment of water quality model results 63 5-1 Water-column kinetic coefficients for water quality and ecosystem models 112 5-2 Sediment-water interactions kinetic coefficients for water quality and ecosystem models 113 LIST OF FIGURES FIGURES PAGE 1-1 Terrestrial-to-aquatic-system ecotone 6 3-1 The plan view of wet detention pond located at Ben-Chou Industrial Park of Kaohsiung in Taiwan 31 3-2 Relationships of stage, surface area, and storage of wet detention pond 32 3-3 Hydrologic balance in wetland 33 3-4 Kinetic processes in wetland 34 3.5 Relationship of the fraction of contaminant in particulate and dissolved form to the dimensionless number: (Chapra, 1997) 35 3-6 Time series inflow hydrograph and water surface elevation of wet detention pond on April 1, 2000 and April 15, 2000 36 3-7 Comparison of simulated outflow hydrograph vs. measured data for wet detention pond on April 1, 2000 and April 15, 2000 37 3-8 Comparison of simulated suspended solids and total phosphorus vs. measured data for wet detention pond on April 1,2000 38 3-9 Comparison of simulated suspended solids and total phosphorus vs. measured data for wet detention pond on April 15,2000 39 4-1 Location map for the Erh-Chung Flood Way wetland showing sampling stations 64 4-2 Measured DO concentrations in the water column for the Erh-Chung Flood Way wetland during Nov. 8, 2002 to April 13, 2003 65 4-3 Measured Zn, Ni, Cu, Cr, Pb, and Cd concentrations in the water column for the Erh-Chung Flood Way wetland during Nov. 8, 2002 to March 24, 2003 66 4-4 The picture of upstream boundary 67 4-5 The picture of weir downstream boundary of the Wen-Gi Creek 68 4-6 Field Sampling Program Operations 69 4-7 Time series showing water surface elevation at the river mouth from Nov. 8, 2002 to April 13, 2003 70 4-8 The components of sediment sampled along the longitudinal distance in the Erh-Chung Flood Way wetland 71 4-9 The Phragmites communis L. and Kandelia candel (L.) Druce in the Erh- Chung Flood Way wetland 72 4-10 Kinetic structure of WASP/EUTRO5 (Ambrose et al., 1993a) 73 4-11 Steady-state mass transport model results (salinity) vs. measured data for the Erh-Chung Flood Way wetland during the period from Nov. 8, 2002 to April 13, 2003 74 4-12 Time-variable mass transport model results (salinity) vs. data for the Erh-Chung Flood Way wetland from Nov. 8, 2002 to April 13, 2003 75 4-13 Time-variable mass transport model results (suspended solids) vs. data for the Erh-Chung Flood Way wetland from Nov. 8, 2002 to April 13, 2003 76 4-14 Time-variable mass transport model results (zinc) vs. data for the Erh-Chung Flood Way wetland from Nov. 8, 2002 to March 24, 2003 77 4-15 Time-variable mass transport model results (copper) vs. data for the Erh-Chung Flood Way wetland from Nov. 8, 2002 to March 24, 2003 78 4-16 Time-variable mass transport model results (cadmium) vs. data for the Erh-Chung Flood Way wetland from Nov. 8, 2002 to March 24, 2003 79 4-17 Horizontal two-dimensional hydrodynamic model grid for the Erh- Chung Flood Way wetland 80 4-18 Data of water surface elevations at the downstream boundary for the Erh-Chung Flood Way wetland on Jan. 14, 2003 and April 13, 2003 81 4-19 Model results vs. data of the water depth and velocity on Jan. 14, 2003 For model calibration 82 4-20 Model results vs. data of the water depth and velocity on April 13, 2003 For model verification 83 4-21 Simulated velocity field and corresponding water surface boundaries for ebb tide at 5 am on Jan. 14, 2003 84 4-22 Simulated velocity field and corresponding water surface boundaries for flood tide at 11 am on Jan. 14, 2003 85 4-23 Horizontal two-dimensional water quality model grid for the Erh- Chung Flood Way wetland 86 4-24 Fractions of advective flows of EUTRO5 in the Erh-Chung Flood Way wetland 87 4-25 Longitudinal dispersion coefficients of EUTRO5 in the Erh-Chung Flood Way wetland 88 4-26 Measured CBOD5, orthophosphate, ammonia, nitrite + nitrate, chlorophyll a, and dissolved oxygen at the upstream boundary from Nov. 8, 2002 to April 13, 2003 89 4-27 Measured CBOD5, orthophosphate, ammonia, nitrite + nitrate, chlorophyll a, and dissolved oxygen at the downstream boundary from Nov. 8, 2002 to April 13, 2003 90 4-28 Model calculated CBOD5, TKN, ammonia, nitrite + nitrate, total phosphorus, orthophosphate, chlorophyll a, and DO vs. field data at station EC2 from Nov. 8, 2002 to April 13, 2003 91 4-29 Model calculated CBOD5, TKN, ammonia, nitrite + nitrate, total phosphorus, orthophosphate, chlorophyll a, and DO vs. field data at station EC3 from Nov. 8, 2002 to April 13, 2003 92 4-30 Model calculated CBOD5, TKN, ammonia, nitrite + nitrate, total phosphorus, orthophosphate, chlorophyll a, and DO vs. field data at station EC4 from Nov. 8, 2002 to April 13, 2003 93 4-31 Spatial profiles calculated salinity, TKN, ammonia, nitrite + nitrate, total phosphorus, orthophosphate, chlorophyll a, and DO vs. field data on Dec. 13, 2002 94 4-32 Spatial profiles calculated salinity, TKN, ammonia, nitrite + nitrate, total total phosphorus, orthophosphate, chlorophyll a, and DO vs. field data on Jan. 14, 2003 95 4-33 Spatial profiles calculated salinity, TKN, ammonia, nitrite + nitrate, total total phosphorus, orthophosphate, chlorophyll a, and DO vs. field data on Feb. 13, 2003 96 4-34 Spatial profiles calculated salinity, TKN, ammonia, nitrite + nitrate, total total phosphorus, orthophosphate, chlorophyll a, and DO vs. field data on March 24, 2003 97 4-35 Spatial profiles calculated salinity, TKN, ammonia, nitrite + nitrate, total total phosphorus, orthophosphate, chlorophyll a, and DO vs. field data on April 13, 2003 98 4-36 Sensitivity analysis of total phosphorus in the Erh-Chung Flood Way wetland to settling velocity in the water column 99 5-1 Components of a wetland water quality and ecosystem modeling framework 114 5-2 The schematic diagram of system variables in wetland water column 115 5-3 The schematic diagram of wetland sediment-water interactions 116 5-4 Measured suspended solids, Cu, and Zn at the upstream and down- stream boundary in the Erh-Chung Flood Way wetland from Nov. 8, 2002 to April 13,2003 117 5-5 Models results for plant biomass in the Erh-Chung Flood Way wetland from Nov. 8, 2002 to April 13, 2003 118 5-6 Models results for suspended solids vs. field data in the Erh-Chung Flood Way wetland from Nov. 8, 2002 to April 13, 2003 119 5-7 Models results for Cu, particulate Cu, and dissolved Cu vs. field data in the water column in the Erh-Chung Flood Way wetland from Nov. 8, 2002 to March 14, 2003 120 5-7 Models results for Cu, particulate Cu, and dissolved Cu vs. field data in the water column in the Erh-Chung Flood Way wetland from Nov. 8, 2002 to March 14, 2003. (continued) 121 5-8 Models results for Zn, particulate Zn, and dissolved Zn vs. field data in the water column in the Erh-Chung Flood Way wetland from Nov. 8, 2002 to Feb. 13, 2003 122 5-8 Models results for Zn, particulate Zn, and dissolved Zn vs. field data in the water column in the Erh-Chung Flood Way wetland from Nov. 8, 2002 to Feb. 13, 2003. (continued) 123 5-9 Models results for Cu and Zn in macrophyte vs. field data in the Erh- Chung Flood Way wetland from Nov. 8, 2002 to April 13, 2003 124 5-10 Model results for bed sediment in the Erh-Chung Flood Way wetland from Nov. 8, 2002 to April 13, 2003 125 5-11 Model results for TKN, ammonia, total phosphorus, and orthophosphate in the sediment in the Erh-Chung Flood Way wetland from Nov. 8, 2002 to April 13,2003 126 5-12 Model results for particulate Cu in the sediment in the Erh-Chung Flood Way wetland from Nov. 8, 2002 to March 14, 2003 127 5-13 Sensitivity analysis of suspended solids in the Erh-Chung Flood Way wetland to settling velocity in the water column 128 5-14 Sensitivity analysis of suspended solids in the Erh-Chung Flood Way wetland to burial velocity in the sediment 1292727771 bytesapplication/pdfen-US水理模式水質及生態模式質量傳輸模式最佳管理作業WASP/EUTRO5濕地RMA2hydrodynamic modelmass transport modelwater and ecosystem modelsBest Management Practices (BMPs)wetland[SDGs]SDG15thesishttp://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw/bitstream/246246/50180/1/ntu-94-D88521002-1.pdf