曾四恭臺灣大學:環境工程學研究所杜旻霏Tu, Min-FeiMin-FeiTu2007-11-292018-06-282007-11-292018-06-282005http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw//handle/246246/62736含氯有機化合物被廣泛使用於工業中,但常因處理或儲存不當而污染土壤及地下水,其中三氯乙烯為污染場址中最常見且含量最高之污染物,而傳統之生物及物化處理方法各具有其優缺點,若要改善各方法之缺失,其中一種可能之方式為將生物及物化方法結合,故本研究擬試以將具有還原脫氯能力之菌種與零價金屬合併處理三氯乙烯。 試驗分別以氫自營菌、零價鎳金屬及兩者合併等三種方法進行三氯乙烯之處理,並提供氫氣做作為電子供給者。結果顯示提供氫氣能增進生物之脫氯反應,將三氯乙烯完全脫氯為烷類,無含氯之中間產物生成;亦能增加零價金屬之還原反應速率,降解速率隨金屬添加量而增加;氫氣亦可減少金屬離子之解離,解離量約為沒有氫氣條件下之0.4倍,唯缺點為仍有少量氯乙烯之累積。 生物及金屬兩者合併後在本批次實驗條件下對三氯乙烯之脫氯速率較金屬及氫自營菌個別脫氯要快,但由於氫細菌與零價金屬同時利用氫氣,造成氫氣供應量不足,因此反應速率與零價鎳金屬差異不大;鎳金屬所產生之氯乙烯有再被生物脫氯之現象,可見兩者合併後對脫氯效果具有加成作用。但本批次試驗之缺點為反應受到氫氣供應量不足之限制,所增加之績效不大。 以固定化技術將零價金屬包埋為顆粒狀,在微量金屬包埋後對三氯乙烯仍具有脫氯之效果,故金屬之包埋在未來進行連續流試驗時具有可行性。Chlorinated organic compounds are widely used in industrial process and one of the most common and critical contaminant is known as Trichloroethylene (TCE), which contaminated soil and groundwater easily due to inappropriate treatment or storage. Recently, many researches were made to investigate practicable methods for TCE removing via biological, physical or chemical process, however, few were considered to be both effective and economic. This research is to develop a more practicable and feasible method for TCE treatment with a combined biological and chemical process based on synergetic dechlorination reactions by microorganisms and zero-valent metals. The experiments were carried out by using a combined zero-valent nickel and autotrophic hydrogen-bacteria system and compared with individual systems. The results suggest that hydrogen provided promote biological dechlorination in the individually biological system, TCE was dechlorinated to alkanes completely with no chlorinated intermediates were detected. In zero-valent metal systems, the dechlorination rate was proportional to the amount of metal added, also, supplying of hydrogen gas increased reaction rate possibly by suppressing the ionization of zero-valent metals (60% decrease in ionic form), however, trace-amount accumulation of chloroethylene was observed. Dechlorination rate of TCE by combined biological and zero-valent metal process was higher than individual ones, further dechlorination of chloroethylene also demonstrated synergetic effects by this combined system, however, the biological system showed limited enhancement which may caused by insufficient effectiveness of hydrogen gas supply. The PVA-alginic acid immobilized zero-valance nickel still had the dechlorination ability, so the immobilized zero-valance nickel can do the further research in the continue flow test.摘要 I 英摘...............................................................................................II 目錄 II 表目錄 VI 圖目錄 VII 第一章 前言 1 1-1 研究緣起 1 1-2 研究目的 2 1-3 研究方法 3 第二章 文獻回顧 4 2-1 含氯有機化合物 4 2-2 三氯乙烯 (Trichloroethylene;TCE)之基本介紹 6 2-3 地下水中含氯化合物之處理方法 8 2-3-1 物理處理方法 8 2-3-1-1 活性碳吸附法 8 2-3-1-2抽除處理法 (pump and treat) 9 2-3-1-3注氣吹除法 (air sparging) 9 2-3-1-4電熱法 (electrical heating) 9 2-3-1-5 土壤蒸汽萃取法 (soil vaccum extraction;SVE) 10 2-3-2 化學處理方法 11 2-3-2-1 現地化學氧化法(In situ chemical oxidation) 11 2-3-2-2 電動力法 (Electrokinetics) 11 2-3-2-3 透水性反應牆 (Permeable reactive barrier; PRB) 12 2-3-2-4 零價金屬還原脫氯反應 13 2-3-3生物復育(Bioremediation) 20 2-3-3-1 好氧生物復育 20 2-3-3-2 厭氧生物復育 22 2-3-3-3 三氯乙烯生物降解之機制 23 2-3-3-4 具還原脫氯能力菌種之相關研究 28 2-4自營氫細菌與零價鎳金屬結合之優點 32 2-5 薄膜式生物反應槽 34 2-6 微生物固定化擔體之應用 36 第三章 實驗流程與設計 38 3-1 實驗設計與流程 38 3-2 菌種來源與馴養 41 3-2-1 菌種來源 41 3-2-2 菌種馴養 42 3-3 血清瓶批次實驗 45 3-3-1 懸浮菌液及零價鎳金屬之批次試驗 45 3-3-2 鎳粉添加量試驗 46 3-3-3 氫氣對鎳金屬脫氯之影響 47 3-3-4 零價鎳金屬固定化之批次試驗 47 3-4細胞及金屬固定化之製作 48 3-5 上部空間氣體分析--氣相層析法 49 3-6 二價鎳離子濃度分析-火焰式原子吸收光譜(AA-Flam) 50 3-7 ORP、pH 50 3-8 菌液濃度--OD600 50 3-9 低真空掃瞄式電子顯微鏡觀察(LV-SEM) 51 3-10 鎳金屬表面之元素分析(SEM-EDS) 52 3-11 菌相分析 53 3-11-1 DNA 萃取(DNA Extraction) 55 3-11-2 水平凝膠電泳 57 3-11-3 聚合酶鏈鎖反應(PCR) 58 3-11-4 變性梯度凝膠電泳(DGGE) 60 3-11-5 DNA 純化 63 第四章 結果與討論 65 4-1 零價鎳金屬降解TCE之血清瓶批次試驗 65 4-1-1 供氫系統中不同鎳金屬添加量對TCE之去除效率 65 4-1-1-1 2g零價鎳金屬降解TCE反應速率之探討 65 4-1-1-2 0.05g Ni0降解TCE 70 4-1-1-3 不同Ni0添加量對TCE之還原脫氯速率之比較 74 4-1-2 供應氫氣對鎳金屬降解TCE之影響 77 4-1-3 小結 79 4-2 自營氫細菌降解TCE之血清瓶批次試驗 80 4-2-1 純菌降解TCE之批次試驗 80 4-2-2 混合氫自營菌降解TCE之批次試驗 85 4-2-3 小結 89 4-3 自營氫細菌與零價鎳金屬結合降解TCE之批次試驗 90 4-3-1 氫細菌與金屬結合之脫氯反應 90 4-3-2 氫細菌與零價鎳金屬結合與個別脫氯反應之比較 95 4-3-3 小結 100 4-4 零價鎳金屬元素半定量分析 101 4-4-1小結 109 4-5 微生物分析 110 4-5-1 SEM菌相觀察 110 4-5-2 菌種鑑定 110 4-6 零價鎳金屬包埋對TCE降解之影響 111 第五章 結論與建議 113 5-1 結論 113 5-2 建議 115 Reference 116 附錄Ι SEM菌照 122 附錄Π 菌種鑑定結果 1232017294 bytesapplication/pdfen-US三氯乙烯氫細菌鎳金屬還原脫氯TCEhydrogen bacterianickelreductive dechlorination自營氫細菌與零價鎳金屬結合去除三氯乙烯 之研究The study of TCE remove by autotrophic hydrogen-bacteria combined with zero-valence nickelthesishttp://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw/bitstream/246246/62736/1/ntu-94-R92541107-1.pdf