Grayson, W.L.W.L.GraysonGRACE PEN-HSIU CHAOMarolt, D.D.MaroltKaplan, D.L.D.L.KaplanVunjak-Novakovic, G.G.Vunjak-Novakovic2020-02-262020-02-26200801677799https://scholars.lib.ntu.edu.tw/handle/123456789/464229Tissue engineering is expected to help us outlive the failure of our organs by enabling the creation of tissue substitutes capable of fully restoring the original tissue function. Degenerative joint disease, which affects one-fifth of the US population and is the country's leading cause of disability, drives current research of actively growing, functional tissue grafts for joint repair. Toward this goal, living cells are used in conjunction with biomaterial scaffolds (serving as instructive templates for tissue development) and bioreactors (providing environmental control and molecular and physical regulatory signals). In this review, we discuss the requirements for engineering customized, anatomically-shaped, stratified grafts for joint repair and the challenges of designing these grafts to provide immediate functionality (load bearing, structural support) and long-term regeneration (maturation, integration, remodeling). © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Biological organs; Biomaterials; Bioreactors; Diseases; Long-term regeneration; Stratified grafts; Tissue grafts; Tissue engineering; biomaterial; bone morphogenetic protein 2; membrane antigen; arthropathy; bioreactor; cell differentiation; experimental model; graft rejection; human; implant; infection; nonhuman; osteoarthritis; priority journal; review; tissue engineering; tissue graft; tissue regeneration; Animals; Bioreactors; Bone Substitutes; Cartilage; Cell Culture Techniques; Cell Differentiation; Chondrocytes; Humans; Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Tissue Engineering; Tissue Scaffolds; Transplantation, Autologous; Transplantsjournal article10.1016/j.tibtech.2007.12.009182991592-s2.0-40849137427https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-40849137427&doi=10.1016%2fj.tibtech.2007.12.009&partnerID=40&md5=442528b45ad421587e2684e30dc575b1