洪鎌德臺灣大學:國家發展研究所楊仲源Yang, Chung-YuanChung-YuanYang2010-05-052018-06-282010-05-052018-06-282008U0001-1307200822275600http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw//handle/246246/180114本文探討1950年中國建國之後,中國城鎮地區社會醫療保險制度(早期由於是中央政府總攬,被稱為醫療保障)的演變。早期由於醫療服務制度是免費醫療(Free for healthcare) ,企業與政府的職工都認為單位(Unit)提供醫療服務乃是天經地義的事,即是公費醫療與勞保醫療制度。革之後,經濟對內改革對外開放,由於企業經市場機制的引進。而充滿活力,在1989年之前由於國家致力經濟發展,人民的醫療權益遭到漠視。形成醫療体制遭「解構」的情況。992年鄧小平南巡,經濟續推展,十四大後「社會主義市場經濟」建立,1994年底,中央政府熱衷對用市場化方式「重建」醫療系統及醫療保險。除了推動「兩江」模式,1996全國試點,到1998年正式試點,僅有五年時間。在倉促的情況下,仿德國與新加坡,建立「統帳模式」醫療保險。其中醫療儲蓄帳戶(Madical saving account)與先進國家流行的社會保險模式不同,MSA主要在新、美、中國等地實施。社會統籌帳戶類似西方社會保險。而此舉忽略了醫療行業,雖亦可市場化,但以中國社會主義之背景醫療為具有公益性質的產業,以市場化手段來推動醫療保險及醫療服務,對弱勢民眾(下崗、失業、農民工等……)勢必不利,乃引起學界爭論。2005年國務院承認醫改失敗,但未來採何種「模式」才適合中國國情,此部分,尚無答案。多數學者認為「國家」的角色應該重新引入,無論在社會醫療保險或者醫療衛生服務,政府在財政、制度設計資源規劃等,重建其應當該承擔之角色乃刻不容緩之要務。Abstracthis Distertation introduces the development of medical social insurance in urban China since 1950. Most people think the healthcare service is free provided by government. The employees of enterprises and civil service workers believe their “Units” should pay the fee for healthcare. When the ecomics reform era comes , the market mechanism is introduced. Because the government emphases that economical development is most important in all policy, people’s rights to keep health(to go to hospital for healthcare) is ignored. Healthcare treatment system has been destruct.fter the CCP leader Deng Xiao-Ping continues to push forward economy in 1992 ,the “market-orinted Socialism ” is established. Central government feels interested to resconstruct the Healthcare institution and health financial resource by the force of marketplace. Under the circumstances, the Two-Jiang Model is advanced in 1994. Next, this policy carries out to 57 cities. Finally , Central government declares new policy have to implement to all Chinese urban areas in 1998.In short time, the new (medical insurance )model combines “Social poling Fund” and “Madical savings account” is found. As Chinese scholars indicate , “Social Poling Fund imitates German social health insurance and “Madical savings account” learns the Central Public Fund from Singapore. The operation of new mixed social medical insurance is totally different from the Western “Welfare State” model. It insists that healthcare service should not be financed by government. Everybody has to be responsible for the fee of healthcare service. his policy is not supported by public opinions. Most people suppose healthcare expenditure should be paid by public finance but not personal pocket. Medical science is specialized subject which should’nt regard as common knowledge. There is asymmetric information between medical experts and ordinary persons. “Madical savings account” causes unequal access to the rich and the poor . Urban residents with lower income can’nt afford enough money to healthcare service more and more expensive. High-priced healthcare spending becomes a serious social problem which is always criticized by the public voice. The State’s Council admits that the reform policy of social medical insurance is nsuccessful in 2005. Many specialists propose to reconstruc the role of the state is more significant in healthcare expenditure. The state should be more active in public finance to social medical insurance. And it is crucial function of the state to design effective and reasonable distribution of healthcare resources. The governmental duty can’t be replace by the Marketplace in healthcare service.中國城鎮醫療保險制度改革發展之研究 一章 緒 論 1-17二章 計劃經濟時期的勞保公費醫療制度 18-43一節 勞保醫療制 18-26二節 公費醫療制度 27-29三節 文化大革命與醫療保險之破壞干擾 30-32四節 計劃經濟時代醫療保險制度之成就與問題 33-41五節 小結 42三章 中國城鎮職工醫療保險之初步演變(1978-1994) 44-85一節 計劃經濟醫療保險制度與市場經濟的不協調 44-48二節 中國城鎮公費醫療保險制度之演變 49-68三節 中國城鎮勞保醫療保險制度之變革 69-85四章 第二階段城鎮職工醫療保險制度改革(1995-1999)86-163一節 九江、鎮江城鎮職工醫療保制度改革的實踐 86-93二節 鎮江市試點與醫保的推行 94-105三節 九江市試點與醫保的推行 106-122四節 兩江試點改革面臨之問題與相關思考評估 123-131五節 擴大改革試點的探索 132-145六節 1998年<城鎮職工基本醫療保險制度>以後的改革 146-164 五章 第三階段醫療保險改革政策(2000-2005) 165-216一節 城鎮職工基本醫療保險配套法規與檢討 165-185二節 關於城鎮醫藥衛生體制三項改革之措施及其困難 186-197三節 SARS的爆發與醫院產權改革 198-205四節 醫療保險制度三項改革之構思與遭遇情況 206-211五節 「醫療三改」的作法與及問題 212-214六節 有關三項改革之批評與意見 215-220六章 結論-關於醫療保險制度的評析 221-236一節 中國醫療保險發展與國家(政府)缺位 221-228二節 醫療保險制度改革加重社會不公程度 229-231三節 關於統帳結合模式實施之檢討反省 232-233四節 未來展望 234-236事紀 237-244考書目 245-275 表目錄一 城鎮居民與農村居民的總收入及分項收入的分配 33二 全國居民戶十等分組中城鄉居民戶各占的比例 34三 不同類型企業職工福利機構平均擁有工作人員數 43四 公費醫療和勞保醫療的異同 66五 1978年至1990年期間全民所有制單位勞動醫療保險費用表 68六 全國職工大病統籌和離退休人員醫療費用統籌支出情況表 82七 全市1995年企業職工醫療社會保險個人帳戶使用情況 114八 1995年九江市職工進入社會統籌基金情況 114一 研究架構圖 8二 中國城鎮職工基本醫療保險收支架構圖 87三之一 兩江試點醫療保險基金運作收入結構圖 96三之二:兩江試點醫療保險基金運作支出結構圖 97四之一:城鎮職工基本醫療保險基金收入結構圖 145四之二:城鎮職工基本醫療保險基金支出結構圖 146五:中國醫藥衛生體制三項改革計畫圖 189135 bytestext/htmlen-US社會醫療保險醫療保險中國城鎮城市Social medical Insurancemedical InsuranceChinaUrban ChinaReform中國城鎮醫療保險制度改革及其發展之研究Research on the reform and development of Social medical Insurance in Urban Chinathesishttp://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw/bitstream/246246/180114/1/index.html