闕志達臺灣大學:電子工程學研究所楊尚融Yang, Sang-JungSang-JungYang2007-11-272018-07-102007-11-272018-07-102004http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw//handle/246246/57423本論文根據IEEE 802.16a OFDM標準提出一用戶端基頻實體層收發機之架構。接收機中針對符元邊界偵測、載波頻率飄移及取樣時脈飄移之偵測及補償、保護區間之偵測及頻域等化器、內插器、通道響應更新等演算法進行開發及研究。由於IEEE 802.16a標準中規定了各種不同的系統需求,包括傳輸類型、通道頻寬、載波頻帶、資料傳輸速率等,因此本論文所提出之系統架構著重於使系統能在各式各樣的通道傳輸情形下,皆能有調整之彈性以及穩定的表現。在各式基頻等效通道下的模擬結果顯示,本論文所提出之架構能夠符合標準中對位元錯誤率之要求。 模擬程式中採用「時脈基礎」方式撰寫,因而能將硬體中的延遲及複雜度需求於系統設計時一併納入考量,同時也能加速未來晶片設計之時程。In this thesis, we propose a subscriber station (SS) physical layer (PHY) transceiver architecture for IEEE 802.16a OFDM mode. Algorithms for symbol boundary detection, carrier frequency offset (CFO), timing offset (TO) detection and compensation, guard interval detection, and frequency-domain equalization (FEQ) as well as channel interpolation and channel gain update are embedded in this receiver. Since IEEE 802.16a standard contains various mandatory requirements, such as transmission type, transmission bandwidth, carrier frequency band, data throughput, etc., the main consideration of the proposed architecture is then flexibility and robustness to conform to various kinds of channel combinations. Simulations are made under various baseband equivalent channel models, and the simulation results show that the proposed architecture can fulfill the bit-error-rate (BER) requirements of the standard. Simulation programs are developed with cycle-based style so that the latency and complexity of the hardware could be evaluated during the procedure of architecture design, and can thus fasten the IC design procedure in the future.第一章 緒論 1 I.1無線都會區域網路簡介 1 I.1.1背景與動機 1 I.1.2無線都會區域網路的發展演變 2 I.2 IEEE 802.16a標準特點 5 I.2.1數據網路服務 5 I.2.2安全性 6 I.2.3服務品質(QoS) 6 I.2.4多重選擇與可變性 7 I.3論文組織介紹 9 第二章 基頻通道模型 11 II.1 Stanford University Interim(SUI)通道模型 11 II.2基頻通道模型 12 II.2.1基頻通道模型架構 13 II.2.2 Rayleigh衰減與Ricean衰減 13 II.2.3加成性白色高斯雜訊(Additive White Gaussian Noise) 20 II.2.4載波頻率飄移(Carrier Frequency Offset) 20 II.2.5取樣時脈飄移(Timing Offset) 21 II.2.6相位雜訊(Phase Noise) 23 II.2.7實虛部不對稱效應(I╱Q Imbalance) 28 第三章 實體層系統規格與傳送機架構 31 III.1實體層標準介紹 31 III.2正交分頻多工模組符元與參數介紹 32 III.2.1正交分頻多工系統簡介 32 III.2.2正交分頻多工符元與系統參數介紹 34 III.3傳送機系統架構 37 III.3.1擾亂器(Scrambler) 37 III.3.2里得-所羅門編碼器(Reed-Solomon Encoder) 37 III.3.3迴旋編碼器(Convolutional Encoder) 38 III.3.4交錯器(Interleaver) 39 III.3.5資料調變(Data Modulation) 43 III.3.6領航碼調變(Pilot Modulation) 43 III.3.7符元成形(Symbol Shaping) 45 III.3.8前置碼調變(Preamble Modulation) 45 III.3.9標準規定之傳輸類型(Transmission Type) 48 III.4訊框結構與封包格式 49 III.5本章總結(Summary) 51 第四章 接收機架構 53 IV.1接收機概觀 53 IV.2初始同步估測(Initial Synchronization) 54 IV.2.1符元邊界粗估(Coarse Symbol Boundary Detection) 54 IV.2.2分數部分載波頻率飄移估測(Fractional Part Carrier Frequency Offset Acquisition) 61 IV.2.3整數部分載波頻率飄移估測與符元邊界細估(Integer Part Carrier Frequency Offset Acquisition and Fine Symbol Boundary Detection) 66 IV.2.4初始同步摘要(Summary of Initial Synchronization) 69 IV.2.5保護區間長度偵測(Guard Interval Ratio Detection) 72 IV.3快速傅利葉轉換架構(FFT) 74 IV.4載波頻率飄移與取樣時脈飄移追蹤迴路(CFO and TO Tracking Loop) 79 IV.4.1聯合加權最小方差估測器(Joint Weighted Least Squares Estimator)[4.4] 79 IV.4.2迴路濾波器(Loop Filter) 81 IV.4.3載波頻率飄移與取樣時脈飄移補償(Compensation for CFO and TO) 86 IV.5通道估測與頻域等化器(Channel Estimation and Frequency-domain Equalizer) 93 IV.5.1通道估測與內插器(Channel Estimation and Interpolator) 93 IV.5.2頻域等化器(Frequency-domain Equalizer) 102 IV.6相位調整、決策單元與通道響應更新(Phase Modification、Slicer and Channel Gain Update) 102 IV.6.1相位調整(Phase Modification) 102 IV.6.2決策單元(Slicer) 104 IV.6.3通道響應更新(Channel Gain Update) 105 IV.7外接收機(Outer Receiver) 107 IV.7.1反交錯器(De-interleaver) 107 IV.7.2穿刺迴旋解碼器(Punctured Convolutional Decoder) 107 IV.7.3里得-所羅門解碼器(Reed-Solomon Decoder) 110 IV.7.4反擾亂器(De-scrambler) 112 第五章 接收機模擬結果與表現 113 V.1模擬環境介紹 113 V.2有╱無都卜勒效應之位元錯誤率比較 115 V.3有╱無載波頻率飄移及取樣時脈飄移之位元錯誤率比較 118 V.4通道估測內插器及有╱無Shift Term對符元錯誤率之影響 120 V.5有╱無通道響應更新對系統的影響 124 V.6相位雜訊對系統的影響 125 V.7實虛部不對稱對系統的影響 127 V.8接收機模擬結果與總合表現 127 V.8.1傳輸類型(Transmission Type)模擬 129 V.8.2內接收機於SUI通道中位元錯誤率模擬結果 130 V.8.3外接收機於SUI通道中位元錯誤率模擬結果 132 V.8.4星座圖模擬結果 136 第六章 C++系統模型 139 VI.1本章介紹 139 VI.2傳送端系統模型 139 VI.3接收端系統模型 140 VI.3.1接收端初始同步執行程序 142 VI.3.2接收端中央控制執行程序 143 VI.4 其他系統考量與建議 145 第七章 結論與展望 1477401674 bytesapplication/pdfen-US無線都會區域網路基頻收發機802.16aOFDMbasebandIEEE 802.16a用戶端基頻收發機之設計Design of a Baseband Transceiver for IEEE 802.16a Subscriber Stationsthesishttp://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw/bitstream/246246/57423/1/ntu-93-R91943012-1.pdf