2016-08-012024-05-13https://scholars.lib.ntu.edu.tw/handle/123456789/650636摘要：寫字困難顯著影響兒童學業表現及自我效能感。寫字問題是學校老師最常轉介復健服務的項目，然而，過去有關寫字表現的研究通常以西方拼音語言為主，強調筆畫組成與空間位置排列之中文字的研究則較少。完整的中文字寫字表現評估系統需包含寫字結果（易讀性）、寫字過程（生物力學表現）及寫字相關能力（視覺知覺動作技巧）評估，此評估系統需可客觀評估寫字問題，並可作為兒童中文書寫介入之成效評估指標。為了達到此目的，我們建議發展電腦化寫字評估工具，以客觀量化寫字表現，並可改善目前紙本測驗的缺點。這個新的電腦化評估工具將可縮短施測及評分時間，消除人為評分所造成的結果差異及不一致的解釋。本研究的目的為發展學齡兒童寫字表現之平版電腦評估系統，此系統將評估包含寫字易讀性、寫字生物力學及視覺知覺動作技巧三種重要寫字表現，此外，這些評估的心理計量特性將被建立。計畫第一年，我們將發展寫字易讀性評估之平版軟體。這個軟體將包含三個功能，第一部份，此軟體將依照兒童年紀，提供適合其書寫的中文字作為測驗平台，第二部份，此軟體將擷取兒童平版寫字時之寫字表現（軌跡），第三部份，此軟體將提供寫字易讀性分析，我們將招募60 位孩童（30 位正常發展兒童及30 位具寫字問題兒童）及10 位國小教授中文的老師以測試此軟體之心理計量特性。計畫第二年，我們將發展寫字力動學量測設備，並將第一年的平版軟體擴充具寫字生物力學分析功能。寫字力動學量測設備將包含一支量測手握力的壓力感測筆及一個量測筆尖力量的壓力感測平版，此力動學量測設備將與第一年開發的軟體同步，使軟體除了記錄寫字軌跡外也可同時記錄寫字力動學，此外，第一年開發之軟體將增加寫字生物力學分析功能。我們將招募60 位孩童（30 位正常發展兒童及30 位具寫字問題兒童）以測試力動學量測設備及第二年整合軟體之心理計量特性。計畫第三年，我們將發展一個新的視覺知覺動作技巧評估軟體，此軟體將包含視知覺及視動整合能力兩種評估。視知覺將包含視覺區辨、視覺記憶、空間關係、物體恆常、前景-背景及視覺完形六個次項目，視動整合將包含路徑追蹤及圖形仿畫兩部份。我們將招募90 位正常發展兒童及30 位具寫字問題兒童以測試此軟體之心理計量特性，這個視覺知覺動作技巧評估軟體也將被整合至兒童寫字表現之平版電腦評估系統中。<br> Abstract: Handwriting difficulties significantly influence children’s academic advancement and self-efficacy.Handwriting problems were reported to be the most common referral for school-related rehabilitation service.Most existing handwriting studies address Western alphabetic systems. Studies on handwriting performanceof Chinese characters, emphasized forms and spatial position of strokes, were stilled limited. Acomprehensive evaluation system of handwriting performance of Chinese characters, including assessinghandwriting output (legibility), handwriting process (biomechanics) and handwriting-related abilities (visualperceptual motor skills) is essential to objectively identify handwriting problems and to serve as outcomemeasure for interventional study in children using Chinese language. We therefore propose a computer-basedhandwriting assessment tool to objectively quantify handwriting performance, and to overcome currentdisadvantages of paper-pencil assessment. This newly proposed computer-based handwriting tool willsignificantly shorten administering and scoring time, and will also eliminated possible scoring discrepancycausing by either human errors or inconsistency of results interpretation. The aim of the present study is todevelop a tablet-based evaluation system of handwriting performance for school age children. This proposedhandwriting system will measure essential handwriting performance including legibility, biomechanicalquantities and handwriting-related abilities (i.e. visual perceptual motor skills). Moreover, psychometricevaluation of this assessment will also be conducted.In the first year, we will develop a tablet application software (APP) to measure handwriting legibility. Thisproposed APP will serve three functions. First, it will store and present age-appropriate Chinese characters asstimuli to the participants. Second, it will capture the handwriting performance (trajectories) when aparticipant copies the presented Chinese characters directly on the tablet. Third, this APP will provide thefunction of legibility calculation. Total of sixty children (30 typically developing children, 30 withhandwriting difficulties) and 10 primary school teachers will be recruited to test psychometric properties ofthis APP.In the second year, a kinetic measurement device will be developed and a function of handwritingbiomechanical analysis will be added to the first-year APP. This proposed kinetic measurement device willconsist of a pressure-sensitive pen measuring hand grip force, and a pressure-sensitive tablet measuring axilpen tip force. Once the development of this kinetic measurement device is completed, it will be synchronizedwith the first-year APP. That is, the APP will simultaneously record handwriting trajectories and kinetics.Moreover, apart from the function of handwriting legibility analysis, function of handwriting biomechanicalanalysis will also be added in the first-year APP. Total of sixty children (30 typically developing children, 30children with handwriting difficulties) will be recruited for psychometric study of this measurement deviceand this newly integrated second-year APP.In the third year, a new tablet APP for measuring visual perceptual motor skills will be developed. Thisproposed APP will evaluate visual perceptual motor skills in two parts: visual perception and visual motorintegration. Visual perception evaluation will consist of six subtests, namely visual discrimination, visualmemory, spatial relationship, form constancy, figure-ground and visual closure. Visual motor integration willconsist of two subtests, namely path tracing and picture copying. Ninety typically developing children and 30children with handwriting difficulties will be recruited to test the psychometric properties of the APP. Thisvisual perceptual motor skills APP will be integrated into handwriting performance evaluation system.