黃天偉臺灣大學：電信工程學研究所陳瑋阡Chen, Wei-ChienWei-ChienChen2007-11-272018-07-052007-11-272018-07-052005http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw//handle/246246/58671雙音頻諧波互調失真比測試在非線性電路上是一種常使用的特性，但是對於現今複雜規格的需求，鄰近通道功率比更能夠代表非線性的特性。然而，費時與高花費的缺點使得直接量測鄰近通道功\\\\率比變得較不吸引人。 　　因此，本篇論文著眼於多規格寬頻訊號的諧波互調失真比與鄰近通道功率比在微波及毫米波的相關性與應用。以微波頻段而言，3.84MHz與16MHz寬頻訊號對於三階諧波互調失真比與多音頻鄰近通道功率比的相關性分別在1.95 GHz 與2.4 GHz獲得驗證。而這些寬頻訊號相關性的延伸也在44GHz毫米波頻段實現。就三階非線性系統而言，這些在雙音頻與多音頻測試上的量測資料在1dB增益壓縮點以下顯示了約在±1 dB的絕佳一致性。如果我們更近一步考慮到五階（或者更高階）非線性項，諧波互調失真比與多音頻鄰近通道功率比的相關性在大訊號或者甚至在飽和區就會變得更接近。 　　至於此相關性的應用方面，諧波互調失真的甜美區及我們所謂的鄰近通道功率比甜美區也分別藉由異質接面雙極性電晶體功\\\\率放大器和採用互補性氧化金屬半導體製作而成的前置失真放大器實現在2.4 GHz。從一連串對於改變第一級偏壓與第二級偏壓實驗中，諧波互調失真的甜美區及鄰近通道功率比的甜美區顯現出高度的相關性。當我們面臨到諧波互調失真甜美區及鄰近通道功\\\\率比甜美區的相關性研究時，從機率分布函數獲得的平均函數也被導入在準確地藉由諧波互調失真甜美區預測鄰近通道功率比甜美區。這代表了只要能得到諧波互調失真比與鄰近通道功\\\\率比的相關性，不同的數位調變鄰近通道功率比就可以藉由量測同頻帶且不同的數位調變機率分布函數以及修正其諧波互調失真比來預測。Two-tone test inter-modulation ratio (IMR) is the common characterization of nonlinear circuits, but adjacent channel power ratio (ACPR) is closer to represent the nonlinearity in modern complicated standards requirements. However, the time-consuming and high-cost drawbacks of direct measuring ACPR for different modulation types make it less attractive. Therefore, this thesis describes the correlation and application between IMR and ACPR for multi-standard broadband signals in microwave and millimeter-wave frequencies. For microwave frequencies, the verification of third-order IMR (IM3R) and multi-ACPR (M-ACPR) correlation is demonstrated first at 1.95 GHz and 2.4 GHz for 3.84 MHz and 16 MHz broadband signals, respectively. Then, the extension to millimeter-wave frequency at 44 GHz is also implemented for these broadband signals. As for the third-order nonlinear system, these measured data show excellent agreement, within ±1 dB, between two-tone and multi-tone tests up to the P1dB point. It is also discussed that if the fifth-order (or higher orders) nonlinearities is considered, the correlation between IM3R and M-ACPR will be closer in large signal region. As for the application, the implementation of IMD sweet spots and what we called ACPR sweet spots is done by both HBT commercial power amplifier and CMOS pre-distortion power amplifier at 2.4 GHz. A series of experiments reveal high correlated between the adjustment of first and second stage’s bias points for both IMD and ACPR sweet spots. The average function from different PDF is also introduced to correlate the IMD sweet spots and ACPR sweet spots precisely. This reveals that as long as the correlation between IMD products and ACPR can be found, the ACPR with different digital modulated signal can be predicted by measuring its PDF and then modifying IMD products in the same frequency band.Contents ABSTRACT CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Motivation………………………………………………………. 1 1.2 Literature Surve……………………………………………...5 1.3 Thesis Organization………………………………………...7 CHAPTER 2 OVERVIEW OF LINEAR POWER AMPLIFIER 9 2.1 The Role of Power Amplifiers in Modern Communication Systems...................................................9 2.2 Classification of Power Amplifiers................ 10 2.2.1 Linear Power Amplifiers........................... 11 2.2.1.1 Class A ........................................ 12 2.2.1.2 Class B.........................................13 2.2.1.3 Class AB...................................... 14 2.2.1.4 Class C........................................ 15 2.2.2 High Efficiency Power Amplifiers............. 16 2.2.2.1 Class D.................................... 16 2.2.2.2 Class E........................................ 18 2.2.2.3 Class F..................................... 19 2.3 Linearization Techniques of Power Amplifiers.. 20 2.3.1 Feedforward................................... 20 2.3.2 Feedback.......................................... 21 2.3.3 Predistortion.................................. 23 2.4 Summary........................................ 24 CHAPTER 3 NONLINEAR DISTORTION CHARACTERIZATION AND IMD CORRELATION TECHNIQUES 27 3.1 Introduction...................................... 27 3.1.1 System Definition................................. 28 3.2 Nonlinear Distortion Characterization............ 29 3.2.1 One-Tone Tests................................... 30 3.2.1.1 Harmonics.................................... 30 3.2.1.2 AM-AM Characterization...................... 31 3.2.1.3 AM-PM Characterization........................ 33 3.2.2 Two-Tone Tests..................................34 3.2.2.1 IMR Characterization........................... 34 3.2.2.2 IP3 Characterization.......................... 36 3.2.3 Multi-tone and Digital Modulated Signal Tests.. 38 3.2.3.1 ACPR Characterization........................ 39 3.2.3.2 M-IMR Characterization....................... 40 3.2.3.3 NPR Characterization........................... 40 3.3 IMD Correlation Techniques.................... 41 3.3.1 Relationship between IM3R and M-ACPR in Third-Order Nonlinear System................................ 42 3.3.2 Relationship between IM3R and M-ACPR in Fifth-Order Nonlinear System................................ 46 CHAPTER 4 HIGH FREQUENCIES IMD CORRELATION FOR BROADBAND SIGNALS 51 4.1 Introduction...................................... 51 4.2 IMD Correlation Verification in Microwave Frequencies52 4.2.1 System Setup..................................... 52 4.2.2 Device Under Test (DUT) Linearity Characterization 53 4.2.2.1 One-Tone Test (AM-AM) ......................... 53 4.2.2.2 Two-Tone Test (Fundamental, IM3R and IM5R) ... 54 4.2.2.3 Multi-tone and Digital Modulated Signal Test (ACPR).................................................. 57 4.2.3 Two-tone and Multi-tone Test Considerations.... 58 4.2.3.1 Two-tone Test................................ 58 4.2.3.2 Multi-tone Test.............................. 64 4.2.4 IM3R and M-ACPR Correlation Implementation..... 65 4.2.4.1 WCDMA........................................ 67 4.2.4.2 16-QAM........................................ 69 4.2.4.3 Conclusion..................................... 71 4.2.5 Discussion － IM3R and M-ACPR Correlation in Fifth-Order Nonlinear System.......................... 72 4.3 Extension of IMD Correlation to Millimeter-wave Frequencies.......................................... 73 4.3.1 System Setup.................................. 73 4.3.2 Millimeter-wave Measurement Considerations..... 75 4.3.2.1 Power Level Consideration...................... 75 4.3.2.2 Linearity Issue for Mixer and Buffer Amplifier. 76 4.3.3 IM3R and M-ACPR Correlation Implementation..... 77 4.4 Comparison among Calculated, Measured M-ACPR and Measured D-ACPR....................................... 78 4.5 Conclusion..................................... 81 CHAPTER 5 THE APPLICATION OF IMD CORRELATION 83 5.1 Introduction................................... 83 5.2 Small and Large Signal IMD Sweet Spots........ 83 5.2.1 Small IMD Sweet Spots........................ 84 5.2.2 Large IMD Sweet Spots........................ 85 5.2.3 Summary........................................ 85 5.3 Implementation of IMD Sweet Spots.............. 86 5.3.1 Circuit Implementation...................... 86 5.3.2 Measurement Process and Results............. 88 5.3.2.1 System Setup.................................. 88 5.3.2.2 DC Analysis and S-Parameters................ 89 5.3.2.3 Two-tone Test................................ 90 5.3.2.4 Digital Modulated Signal Test (QPSK) .......... 92 5.3.3 Discussion and Summary....................... 94 5.4 IMD Improvement Analysis on Pre-distortion Power Amplifier............................................. 97 5.4.1 System Setup.................................. 97 5.4.2 Pre-distortion Power Amplifier Implementation.. 98 5.4.2.1 Circuit Implementation and Performances........ 98 5.4.2.2 Two-tone Test............................... 102 5.4.2.3 Digital Modulated Signal Test (QPSK).......... 104 5.4.3 Discussion and Summary...................... 106 5.4.4 Comparison between Pre-distortion IMD Improvement and IMD Sweet Spot..................................... 107 5.5 Prediction of Pre-distortion M-ACPR Improvement from IMD Correlation................................... 109 5.5.1 IM3R and M-ACPR Correlation Implementation.... 110 5.6 Discussion – The Addition of PDF Average Function............................................ 114 5.6.1 CCDF, CDF, and PDF............................ 114 5.6.2 Modification Process......................... 117 5.6.3 Results Comparison............................ 119 5.6.4 Summary and Discussion...................... 122 5.7 Conclusion............................... 126 CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION 127 REFERENCE 1303594446 bytesapplication/pdfen-US諧波互調失真比鄰近通道功率比寬頻訊號毫米波IMRACPRBroadband SignalMillimeter-Wave Frequenciesthesishttp://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw/bitstream/246246/58671/1/ntu-94-R92942006-1.pdf