Fanqi LinYanlai ZhouZhihao NingPan LiuFi-John ChangChong-Yu Xu2025-05-132025-05-132025-0709601481https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-105002236930&origin=resultslisthttps://scholars.lib.ntu.edu.tw/handle/123456789/729262Article number: 123097Reservoirs' seasonal drought-limited water level (SDLWL) plays a pivotal role during drawdown periods, crucial for balancing energy demands, mitigating drought impacts, and sustaining ecological health. This study proposes an innovative framework for cascade reservoirs’ multi-objective drawdown operation, uniquely designed to optimize the interplay between hydropower generation, drought resilience, and ecological conservation. The proposed framework was validated through a case study involving seven cascade reservoirs in the upper Yangtze River. First, SDLWLs for the drought season were determined using a month-by-month moving calculation method, which explains seasonal streamflow variations and hydraulic interdependencies between reservoirs. Next, a SDLWL-based multi-objective drawdown operation model was built and optimized using the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II, generating a Pareto set of solutions. Last, the entropy weight method was employed to pinpoint the optimal solution, enhancing hydropower synergies. The results are compelling: the optimal solution boosts average annual power generation by 6.26 billion kW·h, reflecting a 5.7 % increase, while simultaneously reducing average annual drought risk by 5.1 % and decreasing the average amended annual proportional flow deviation by 0.27, a 5.2 % improvement. This study offers a groundbreaking approach to reservoir drawdown operations and provides decision-makers with practical strategies to optimize renewable energy generation during critical periods.falseCascade reservoirsDrawdown operationMulti-objective optimizationSeasonal drought-limited water levelYangtze river[SDGs]SDG6[SDGs]SDG7[SDGs]SDG11[SDGs]SDG13journal article10.1016/j.renene.2025.1230972-s2.0-105002236930