指導教授:陳昭如臺灣大學:法律學研究所韓欣芸Han, Hsin-yunHsin-yunHan2014-11-262018-07-052014-11-262018-07-052014http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw//handle/246246/262195台灣親屬法在婦運的努力之下,已大致脫去了「夫權/父權獨大」的色彩,不過,先行研究也指出目前的法律仍有限制:從夫(家)居仍為多數家庭的住所安排即屬之。本文藉由梳理立法紀錄、司法判決、報章雜誌文章、婦團主張等描繪同居義務概念的發展,在此基礎上嘗試理解今日規範樣貌從何、如何而來,並提供衡量、想像下一階段法律改革的可能。 本文首先探討同居義務如何從實踐中被明文化,成為民法規範的一部份。其次檢討了1985年的親屬編修正中,雖然使夫妻住所得例外約定,卻不足以破解「現代的休妻權」──丈夫依第1002條主張自己的住所為夫妻住所,妻一旦離家(不論自願或被迫)便違反同居義務,因此夫可訴請履行同居義務;取得履行同居之勝訴判決後,再以此證明妻遺棄夫在狀態中,進而離婚。台灣女人對此的反抗,是1990年代開展的婦運法律改革。這次行動在1998年將第1002條修改為以雙方約定為原則,法院決定為例外;同時提出的分居條款卻失敗,而在2002後成為婦運中辯論的議題之一。從根本上來說,婦運的挑戰並未波及同居義務,此概念持續相對廣泛地被認為是婚姻制度的本質之一,並使其所造成的性別不平等更加隱晦。今日,台灣妻子已經少為「休妻權」所苦,但是新移民卻成為新的一批受害者,且更難反抗;法院更加頻繁的使用概括事由,卻因此忽略了家暴等事實,或者以更嚴格的標準評斷之,而忽略了其中的性別意涵。 藉由梳理歷史資料,我發現過去的親屬法論述中很少注意到同居義務造成的差別影響,不僅肇因於夫妻住所決定權的不平等,更是因為不論是遺棄事由或者概括事由都受限於有責主義,使得夫對於空間的權力(佔據家)得以擴張為離婚的權利,而妻對於空間的無力(逃家、離家以妻為多)則在法律上反映為實踐權利的限制。在此理解下,備受爭議的「事實上分居一段時間」作為裁判離婚事由提案,便只可能是性別平等追求中有限的進展。一來,若仍有苛酷條款,則這樣的規範其實大體上只是明文化以分居事實填充重大事由要件的裁判離婚趨勢。其次,若無苛酷條款,雖然邏輯上可以藉此在從夫居為多數、夫仍在關係中擁有較高權力的狀況下,擴張妻子主張裁判離婚的空間,但此條文的實踐,仍然同時嘉惠了許多有責的夫。誠如運動者長久以來指出的,性別平等的婚姻制度需要透過社會制度全面的改革才能達成。在仍舊不平等的現實限制之下,發展法律策略不但需要更細緻的觀察與思考,更需要創意與凝聚社會共識──歷史性的探究,便提供我們理解現在的基礎,也因而幫助我們思考如何突破現狀。Taiwanese family law has been generally regarded as gender equal under the effort of women’s movement and their work in advocating law amendments in the 1990s. However, previous works have also indicated that the current law is weak in altering the patriarchal social reality. This study attempts to draw the development of the concept of “duty to cohabit” through examining legislative record, court decisions and newspapers. This way, we may understand the current law better, and imagine the possible amendment in a more creative sense. Starting from Japanese colonial era, I investigated the duty to cohabit reflected in the court decisions and the draft of family laws. The current Civil Code has been implemented in Taiwan since 1945, and it was first amended in 1985. This amendment made mutual agreement between the couples an exception from patrilocality, but it did not changed the practice of divorcing a wife by removing her from the domicile—this way she would be regarded as deserting the husband and therefore he would win the divorce lawsuit. Taiwanese women started their revolution in 1990s by drafting up a new amendment on family law, and mobilizing the public. This time, they argue that domicile should be decided mutually and they attempted to set up a new system for separation. Their first demand was met in 1998, but not the second, which later provoked controversy among these social movement organizations. The duty to cohabit is continuously considered as one of the natures of marriage and not challenged, even by the feminists. This belief has obscured its gender unequal impacts, making divorce difficult for the wives. The difficulty the wives face results from patrilocality that prevents them from asserting their right to divorce when they leave the domicile due to domestic violence or work. Occupying the home therefore means a better chance to divorce the other party or to prevent oneself to be divorced. In this light, making separation a cause to apply for judicial decree on divorce, could only be a limited development of women’s right to divorce. Moreover, this amendment is meant to promote “the freedom to divorce,” but not its equality between husband and wife, and in a patrilocal society, it is likely to benefit more men than women. A critical and historical analysis on the concept hereby provides us an insight into the development of law, and a chance to break the status quo.誌謝 .................................................................................................................................. i 中文摘要 .......................................................................................................................... ii English Abstract ............................................................................................................... iii 第一章 前言 .............................................................................................................. 1 第一節 研究動機及問題意識 .......................................................................... 1 第二節 文獻回顧 .............................................................................................. 3 第三節 研究方法與架構 .................................................................................. 9 第二章 男人的男女平等與民法規範 .......................................................................... 16 第一節 被移入台灣的民法:同居義務的近代化(1945 之前) ............... 16 第一項 台灣社會的婚姻與同居義務 ........................................................ 17 第二項 民國中國立法者對於婚姻中同居的理解 .................................... 27 第二節 司法實踐與新女性主義眼中的同居義務(1945-1984) ............... 37 第一項 共營生活的義務與對婚姻的想像 ................................................ 38 第二項 離開家,離開婚姻 .......................................................................... 45 第三節 四十年來首次民法修正 .................................................................... 55 第一項 半途消失的「共營生活」義務 .................................................... 56 第二項 男女平等的住所指定權 ................................................................ 58 第三項 同居義務與離婚權利:兩願離婚嚴格化、裁判離婚寬鬆化 .... 63 第四項 影響正式立法場域的嘗試 ............................................................ 66 第四節 小結 .................................................................................................... 71 第三章 當女人促成改變:中性化夫妻住所決定與推行分居條款(1986~2013) ....................................................................................................................................... 73 第一節 從法律菁英立法到草根動員 ............................................................ 74 第一項 生產婦團版的修正草案 ................................................................ 76 第二項 開展草根動員 ................................................................................ 81 第二節 間接迂迴的司法行動 ........................................................................ 84 第一項 台灣婦運的憲法改革行動 ............................................................ 84 第二項 聲請釋憲的意義與過程 ................................................................ 88 第三項 反省釋憲聲請書 ............................................................................ 91 第三節 讓草案進入立法院及立法院內的挑戰 ............................................ 96 第一項 「新晴版草案」及三階段修法 .................................................... 97 第二項 釋字第452 號解釋後的同居義務相關條文修正 ...................... 102 第三項 反省行動策略 .............................................................................. 106 第四節 未竟之業:繼續推動分居條款 ....................................................... 110 第一項 運動與政治的結合與競爭 ........................................................... 110 第二項 婦運內部對於別居條款的爭執 ................................................... 115 第三項 政治機會結構開放帶來的轉變 .................................................. 121 第五節 小結 .................................................................................................. 125 第四章 反思法律改革成果:控制「家」、掌控婚姻 .............................................. 129 第一節 改變帶來了平等? .......................................................................... 130 第一項 誰決定住所? .............................................................................. 130 第二項 誰違反同居義務? ...................................................................... 134 第三項 當破綻取代遺棄 .......................................................................... 141 第二節 同居義務的性別政治 ...................................................................... 145 第一項 中性化法律與現實中的權力不對等 .......................................... 145 第二項 離婚自由化?離婚平等化? ...................................................... 153 第五章 結論 ................................................................................................................ 159 參考文獻 ...................................................................................................................... 1641548732 bytesapplication/pdf論文公開時間:2014/08/25論文使用權限:同意無償授權女性主義法律史同居義務從夫居破綻主義婦女運動[SDGs]SDG5[SDGs]SDG16逃家‧離家──同居義務的女性主義法律史考察Away from Home: the Feminist Legal History of Duty to Cohabitthesishttp://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw/bitstream/246246/262195/1/ntu-103-R00A21009-1.pdf