國立臺灣大學哲學系Department of Philosophy , National Taiwan University蔡信安Tsai, D.H.AD.H.ATsai2017-09-082018-05-292017-09-082018-05-292002-01http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw//handle/246246/281897孟子哲學是以「善」為目的，「德行」為行動力來源，「原則」是行為抉擇時的手上的參考原則，依效益主義者的思維模式的哲學。這種哲學是可以應用在人生的各個層面，從政治領袖到販夫走卒都需要的。他認為最主要的，就是培養「德行」，就一切可以促成。最主要的德行是，仁、義、禮、智。在這四種之中，仁與義是道德德行，禮與智是輔助性的增強性德行。它們相對應產生的原則，是行為抉擇時的參考原則，雖然它們具有客觀有效性，但不是不可被凌駕的。這是一種「道德客觀主義」，不是「道德絕對主義」。取捨的原則是依「效益原則」，以「善」為目的去做的。「善」不是指某一個個物，而是具有「可欲性」的性質之事物。孟子用「可欲」來詮釋人類追求的對象之性質，指出它在整個行為抉擇過程中，德行與原則都是工具，唯有「善」才是目的。這種「善」應該指的是存在於這一個宇宙內，是人人都會了解而且喜愛的、也跟人息息相關的存在。這是一種實在論的自然主義的倫理學。Virtue and principle are two important subjects in Mencius’s ethics. This paper deals with them from viewpoint of ethics of virtue and of principle; The author indicates that Mencius’ four virtues, i.e. hearts of compassion, of shame, of courtesy and modesty, and of right and wrong are universal human endowments and essential to human life. There are four “principles” derived from them. That is, “jin”, “yi”, “li” and “chu.” The first two are essential ethical virtues while the others enabling ones. The author contends that Menciusian ethics is consequentialistic. Mencius believes his principles have universal and objective validity. But they are overridable. Moral agent has to choose a correct principle in the particular moral or political context by the principle of utility. This is a kind of utilitarian moral reasoning that is ignored by most of interpreters. Moreover, Mencius is a naturalistic and realistic moral philosopher. “The good” is defined by “that is desired.” But he conceives that good is a kind of property in thing itself being perceived by human being. In fact, what the good is not an issue in his philosophy. But it is important to moral reasoning since it is dependent up the principle of utility.孟子德行倫理學效益主義德行原則MenciusVirtue ethicsUtilitarianismVirtueMoral principlejournal article