Hong, Pei-XuanPei-XuanHongAlagarsamy, SaranvigneshSaranvigneshAlagarsamyLi, Cheng-YingCheng-YingLiLiu, I-TsengI-TsengLiuYING-CHIH LIAO2026-03-122026-03-122026-02-0113858947https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-105027908199&origin=resultslisthttps://scholars.lib.ntu.edu.tw/handle/123456789/736267In this study, a sustainable and scalable strategy is developed to directly convert matcha (Tea Extract)-modified bacterial cellulose (E-BC) into conductive carbon thin films via CO₂ laser-induced carbonization under ambient conditions. BC, a biodegradable biopolymer with a hierarchical nanofibrous network, exhibits excellent mechanical strength and biocompatibility, making it an ideal substrate for flexible biosensors. Incorporation of bio-derived carbon compounds from matcha enriches the aromatic content of BC, enhancing laser absorption and promoting the formation of continuous graphitic domains during carbonization. This biomaterial-assisted laser process enables the fabrication of LIG@E-BC electrodes with superior conductivity, flexibility, and pattern uniformity, without the need for inert atmospheres or chemical reagents. The resulting electrodes exhibit low sheet resistance (<200 Ω sq.−1) and robust mechanical stability. Electrochemical measurements demonstrate μM-level sensitivity for lactate (LAC) and glucose (Glu) detection in phosphate buffer and real sweat, with detection limits of 3.8 μM and 4.6 μM, respectively, and sensitivities of 0.068 and 0.056 μA/μM/cm2. Moreover, biodegradation exceeding 95% within 28 days confirms full environmental compatibility. Overall, this eco-friendly bio‑carbon route offers a one-step pathway toward biodegradable, high-performance LIG electrodes, advancing sustainable materials for wearable and on-site health monitoring applications.falseBio-based materialBiodegradable sensorElectrochemical sensingLaser-induced carbonizationSustainable developmentjournal article10.1016/j.cej.2026.1730892-s2.0-105027908199