Huang, TinrayTinrayHuangChen, Yen-ChunYen-ChunChenHsueh, Chun-YuanChun-YuanHsuehYU-HSIU LEE2025-11-272025-11-272026978303205465422110984https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-105020022359&origin=resultslisthttps://scholars.lib.ntu.edu.tw/handle/123456789/734197The growing need for ophthalmic microsurgery has emphasized the importance of training tools that realistically replicate the eye movement and its mechanical behavior. Existing methods such as using animal eyes, VR systems, and static phantoms lack key features like elasticity, data recording, and reproducibility. This paper presents a mechanical eye model with three rotational and one translational degree of freedom, designed as a passive system capable of providing quantitative motion feedback through the use of encoders. Torsion and compression springs were incorporated to simulate extraocular muscle elasticity. A 3D-printed prototype, built using PLA and standard components including bearings, screws, and bushings, has demonstrated smooth and stable motion. An ophthalmologist from NTU Hospital evaluated the model and affirmed its anatomical realism and training potential. The system can also be actuated by mounting it on top of a delta-shaped motion platform to simulate involuntary head motion. Future work will focus on multi-material fabrication, encoder integration, and the development of a complete mechatronic system.falseEye PhantomForce and Motion EmulationOphthalmic Surgerybook part10.1007/978-3-032-05466-1_342-s2.0-105020022359