Valasara, ViraViraValasaraAhn, ByeongchanByeongchanAhnGoel, SrishtiSrishtiGoelHan, Sang-MokSang-MokHanWoo, NamsubNamsubWooBOR-YIH YUWon, WangyunWangyunWon2026-01-152026-01-152025-08-11https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-105024687146&origin=resultslisthttps://scholars.lib.ntu.edu.tw/handle/123456789/735331Plastic pollution remains a major global issue, primarily caused by the excessive consumption and improper disposal of petroleum-based plastics. As a promising alternative to the conventional plastic monomer, terephthalic acid (TPA), 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA), derived from biomass, has emerged as a viable solution. This study outlines the simultaneous production of FDCA, ethyl levulinate (EL), and adipic acid (ADA) as part of an integrated process. Two strategies are proposed─the first involves upgrading lignin to produce value-added chemicals (Strategy A), whereas the second focuses on generating energy (Strategy B). Heat integration strategies are additionally suggested for both approaches. According to a thorough techno-economic assessment (TEA), Strategy A resulted in an FDCA minimum selling price (MSP) of 945 USD/ton. This price falls within the competitive cost range of TPA (930 to 1480 USD/ton). The sensitivity analysis demonstrates that the EL price has the greatest influence on MSP compared to other parameters. Compared to Strategy B and traditional TPA, life-cycle evaluation demonstrated that Strategy A substantially reduces environmental impacts in terms of water consumption, stratospheric ozone depletion, and global warming potential. Overall, these illustrate how the integrated biorefinery process offers both ecological and economic benefits by producing sustainable materials and decreasing dependence on fossil energy resources.false25-furandicarboxylic acidadipic acidethyl levulinateheat integrationlife cycle analysistechnoeconomic analysisjournal article10.1021/acssuschemeng.5c055812-s2.0-105024687146