Po-Chen ChenJIUNN-SHYANG CHIOU2025-05-172025-05-172025-04-15https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85216925819&origin=recordpagehttps://scholars.lib.ntu.edu.tw/handle/123456789/729407Conventional mode superposition methods for seismic analysis of underwater structures are based on modal orthogonality. However, they introduce errors when dealing with hydrodynamic problems because the hydrodynamic term does not actually satisfy this property. Additionally, previous studies for hydrodynamic responses often assumed structures to be fixed on a rigid base; however, the embedded portion of piles cannot provide sufficient rigidity for the submerged portion as the rigid base does. In this study, we propose an improved method that addresses the non-orthogonality of the hydrodynamic term by incorporating the hydrodynamic force contributions from other modes. Furthermore, the method accounts for base flexibility by modeling the embedded portion of a pile as an equivalent spring matrix. Comparisons with the conventional method indicate that the hydrodynamic effects from other modes are significant under flexible base conditions or when there is pile-head mass. Moreover, parametric analyses of pile seismic responses under near-fault and far-field earthquakes reveal that base flexibility and pile-head mass significantly influence the hydrodynamic forces and associated pile response envelopes, depending on the proximity between the system's resonance frequency and the predominant frequencies of the input motions.Base flexibilityHydrodynamic pressureMode superposition methodPilesSeismic analysisjournal article10.1016/j.oceaneng.2025.120537