Lin, Yen-HengYen-HengLinHwang, Shih-YingShih-YingHwangHsu, Po-YenPo-YenHsuChiang, Yu-ChungYu-ChungChiangHuang, Chun-LinChun-LinHuangWang, Chun-NengChun-NengWangLin, Tsan-PiaoTsan-PiaoLin2009-07-012018-07-062009-07-012018-07-06200814712229http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw//handle/246246/161821http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw/bitstream/246246/161821/1/30.pdfhttps://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-57049189157&doi=10.1186%2f1471-2229-8-111&partnerID=40&md5=af7daea0f959be1fb63f69dc5fc3d320Background. CBF/DREB duplicate genes are widely distributed in higher plants and encode transcriptional factors, or CBFs, which bind a DNA regulatory element and impart responsiveness to low temperatures and dehydration. Results. We explored patterns of genetic variations of CBF1, -2, and -3 from 34 accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana. Molecular population genetic analyses of these genes indicated that CBF2 has much reduced nucleotide diversity in the transcriptional unit and promoter, suggesting that CBF2 has been subjected to a recent adaptive sweep, which agrees with reports of a regulatory protein of CBF2. Investigating the ratios of Ka/Ks between all paired CBF paralogus genes, high conservation of the AP2 domain was observed, and the major divergence of proteins was the result of relaxation in two regions within the transcriptional activation domain which was under positive selection after CBF duplication. With respect to the level of CBF gene expression, several mutated nucleotides in the promoters of CBF3 and -1 of specific ecotypes might be responsible for its consistently low expression. Conclusion. We concluded from our data that important evolutionary changes in CBF1, -2, and -3 may have primarily occurred at the level of gene regulation as well as in protein function. © 2008 Lin et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.application/pdf727388 bytesjournal articleen-USArabidopsis; Arabidopsis thaliana; Embryophyta; Arabidopsis protein; CBF1 protein, Arabidopsis; CBF2 protein, Arabidopsis; DREB1A protein, Arabidopsis; transactivator protein; transcription factor; unclassified drug; amino acid sequence; Arabidopsis; article; chemistry; DNA sequence; duplicate gene; gene expression regulation; gene inactivation; gene silencing; genetic polymorphism; genetic selection; genetic transcription; genetics; molecular genetics; phylogeny; plant genome; population genetics; promoter region; protein tertiary structure; transcription initiation; Amino Acid Sequence; Arabidopsis; Arabidopsis Proteins; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Gene Knockdown Techniques; Gene Knockout Techniques; Genes, Duplicate; Genetics, Population; Genome, Plant; Molecular Sequence Data; Phylogeny; Polymorphism, Genetic; Promoter Regions, Genetic; Protein Structure, Tertiary; Selection (Genetics); Sequence Analysis, DNA; Trans-Activators; Transcription Factors; Transcription, Genetic; Transcriptional Activation10.1186/1471-2229-8-1112-s2.0-5704918915718990244http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw/bitstream/246246/161821/1/30.pdf