TSAN MING CHOIChung S.-H.Zhuo X.2022-05-302022-05-302020https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85078545655&doi=10.1016%2fj.trb.2020.01.003&partnerID=40&md5=e5bab27a182818a7257ed734fac7f250https://scholars.lib.ntu.edu.tw/handle/123456789/612190Container-shipping-lines (CSLs) operate in a highly competitive market with high demand volatility. Unlike many other industries in which risk-averse attitude is dominating, it is well known that many CSLs exhibit risk-seeking behaviors. In this paper, by using the mean-risk formulation, we analytically study the effects of risk attitude and demand volatility on the service pricing game between two CSLs. We find that the equilibrium prices increase when CSLs can accept more risk, and being slightly risk-seeking can help maximize the expected profits of both CSLs. We discover the risk-attitude convergence effect, which theoretically reveals that the ?ptimal risk attitudes??for the CSLs move in the same direction. Therefore, our research suggests that both CSLs should hire slightly risk-seeking managers in a competitive shipping market. In addition, we explore the impacts brought by demand volatility and find that the equilibrium prices increase (decrease) in the demand volatility when CSLs are risk-seeking (risk-averse). We uncover that when an individual CSL's risk sensitivity level is small and its rival is risk-seeking, its own expected profit under the decentralized case could be larger than that in centralized case. Finally, for robustness checking of our research findings, we investigate the scenarios with multiplicative randomness of demand, asymmetric information on risk attitude and multiple (more than two) competing CSLs, and find that our main findings still hold. Counterintuitively, in the case with multiplicatively random demand, we analytically find that CSLs may not prefer a large market potential when they are risk-averse. ? 2020 Elsevier LtdContainer shipping lines; Demand volatility; Mean-risk framework; Price competition; Risk attitudesCommerce; Competition; Containers; Costs; Profitability; Risk analysis; Ships; Container shipping line; Demand volatility; Mean-risk; Price competition; Risk attitude; Risk perception; competition (economics); container ship; price dynamics; shippingjournal article10.1016/j.trb.2020.01.0032-s2.0-85078545655