Chen T.-CWong C.-WSHAN-HUI HSU2022-11-162022-11-16202201448617https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85124517060&doi=10.1016%2fj.carbpol.2022.119228&partnerID=40&md5=97ca91be7e9586b476b428615f6301cehttps://scholars.lib.ntu.edu.tw/handle/123456789/625257Cryogel has macroporous structure and advantages of mechanical stability and injectability for biomedical applications. Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a customized manufacturing technology. However, there is little research on 3D printing of cryogel. In this work, we developed a 3D-printable chitosan cryogel using difunctional polyurethane nanoparticles as the crosslinker that reacted with chitosan at 4 °C for 4 h to form a stable feeding hydrogel (pre-cryogel) for 3D printing. The printed pre-cryogel was frozen at −20 °C to form 3D-printed chitosan cryogel. The 3D-printed cryogel had properties similar to those of bulk cryogel such as high compressibility, elastic recovery, and water absorption (≈3200%). Results from cell experiments indicated that the 3D-printed chitosan cryogel scaffolds provided good mechanical integrity for proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived adult stem cells. The 3D-printed chitosan cryogel scaffolds with injectability and shape recovery property are potential biomaterials for customized tissue engineering and minimally invasive surgery. © 2022 Elsevier Ltd3D printing; Chitosan; Cryogel; Injectable; Polyurethane[SDGs]SDG63D printers; Chitosan; Mechanical stability; Medical applications; Molecular biology; Scaffolds (biology); Shape optimization; Stem cells; Water absorption; 3-D printing; 3D-printing; Biomedical applications; Cryogels; Injectability; Injectables; Macroporous structures; Manufacturing technologies; Three-dimensional (3D) printing; Three-dimensional-printing; Polyurethanesjournal article10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119228352878562-s2.0-85124517060