葉顯椏Yeh, Shean-Ya臺灣大學:海洋研究所翁嘉妤Ueng, Jia-YuJia-YuUeng2010-05-062018-06-282010-05-062018-06-282009U0001-1506200901285200http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw//handle/246246/181251世界上目前有六目十七種企鵝，企鵝同時也是廣佈於南半球的海鳥，分布區域大部分範圍在南緯四十五到南緯六十度。在此篇研究中利用企鵝七個重要的生活史參數可以解釋高達百分之九十二的生活史策略，七個生活史參數分別為成熟體長、成熟體重、孵蛋期、父母餵養期、繁殖季換羽期、緯度、和海水表面溫度。首先，單獨分析各變數、相關分析，再進入主成分分析，分析的結果可找出生活史策略的因子分別為：第一主要成分為父母餵養因子、第二主要成分為環境容忍力因子、第三主要成分為成熟因子。最後進行集群分析和判別分析，在父母餵養因子中可以分成三群，其判別分析可得到九十四％的判別顯著分別率，在環境容忍力因子中可以分成四群，判別分析可得到九十四％的判別顯著分別率，在成熟因子可以分成三群，判別分析可得到百分之百的判別顯著分別率。本研究結果得到三種不同的生活史策略模式，可針對不同企鵝種使用其獨特生活策略的差異來給予不同的管理模式，而處在相同或是鄰近區域的不同企鵝種也可用此來當作共同的保育政策管理參考，最後在飬養企鵝的應用上，提供了環境造設和關鍵控制生存因子，和成長的合理範圍值。Penguins have 6 genera with 17 species worldwide. They are distinctive groups of pelagic seabirds widely distributed in the cooler waters of the southern Hemisphere, mostly between 45°S and 60°S. Comparative studies among different life history of penguins would be very valuable to understand their strategies of ecological adaptation other than phylogenetic linkage. This study is designed to explore life history patterns in penguins based upon 7 life history traits (LHT) that are age at maturity (Am), weight at maturity (Wx), incubating period (Eip), parent breeding period (Pb), molting period (Mo), latitude (Lat) and sea surface temperature (Sst). All variables were analyzed individually, correlatively and collectively. By principle component analysis three reduce factors, which were parental investment, environmental tolerance and maturity, could explain 92.48% variation. By cluster analysis for each of the three factoring LHT, penguin species could be classified into three or four groups with 94-100% correct classification. These significant life history patterns in penguins from LHT may understand better on their ecological adaptation and therefore provide theoretical criteria for penguins’ management in making conservation policyContents文口試委員審定書 icknowledgement iiable of Contents iiiist of Table viist of Figure viiist of Appendices viiibstract in Chinese xbstract in English xihapter 1： Introduction 1.1 Life History’s research 1.2 Biology of Penguins (Order Sphenisciformes) 1.2.1 Genus Pygoscelis 3.2.2 Genus Aptenodytes 4.2.3 Genus Eudyptula 4.2.4 Genus Spheniscus 5.2.5 Genus Megadyptes 5.2.6 Genus Eudyptes 5.3 Ojectives 6.4 Significance for Conservation 7hapter 2： Materials and Method 9.1 Materials 9.2.1 Worldwide published data and references collection 9.2.2 Life history traits and diving variables 9.2 Methods 10.2.1 Statistical analyses and correlation analysis 10.2.2 Paired t-test 10.2.3 Linear regression analysis 10.2.4 Principle component analysis 11.2.5 Cluster analysis 11.2.6 Discriminant Analysis 11hapter 3： Results 13.1 Distribution of LHT among penguin species 13.1.1 Sample sizes and means for each variable in Genus Pygoscelis 13.1.2 Sample sizes and means for each variable in Genus Aptenodytes 14.1.3 Sample sizes and means for each variable in Genus Eudyptula 16.1.4 Sample sizes and means for each variable in Genus Spheniscus 17.1.5 Sample sizes and means for each variable in Genus Megadyptes 19.1.6 Sample sizes and means for each variable in Genus Eudyptes 19.2 Correlation between LHT in penguin species 21.3 Difference between female and male for sexual related LHT 21.4 Linear regression analysis 21.5 LHT could be reduced into 3 factors by principle component analysis 22.6 Classification of penguins 23hapter 4： Discussion 24.1 Significant life history strategies from life history traits 24.2 Parental investment factor discriminating penguins into 3 groups 25.3 Environmental tolerance factor discriminating 4 penguin groups 26.4 Maturity factor discriminating penguins into 3 groups 27.5 Implication to penguin conservation from life history strategy 28.6 Estimation of maximum diving depth and diving speed 30.7 Sex dimorphism in penguins 30eferences 31application/pdf1580376 bytesapplication/pdfen-US企鵝生活史策略保育管理潛水模式Penguinlife history strategypatternconservationmanagementthesishttp://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw/bitstream/246246/181251/1/ntu-98-R95241207-1.pdf