2013-08-012024-05-13https://scholars.lib.ntu.edu.tw/handle/123456789/645813摘要:從isoniazid及rifampicin在1950及1970年代開發成功後,結核病已有很有效的藥物可治療。然而目前結核病在台灣之發生率仍居高不下,其原因固然很多,但抗結核藥物引起肝炎,使得結核病患者易中斷治療,無疑是抗結核治療失敗的重要原因。主持人曾於2007至2008年執行一前瞻性之計畫,研究我國結核病患者發生治療中肝炎之危險因子。結果顯示,我國結核病病人發生治療中肝炎之百分比為18.9%,其中16.4%是抗結核藥物引起的藥物性肝炎,2.5%是B或C型肝炎發生急性惡化。發生藥物性肝炎之危險因子為: 1)沒有B型或C型肝炎之女性;2) N-acetyl transferase 2 (NAT2)基因之slow acetylator; 3) 治療前B型肝炎病毒量高者;4) 末期腎衰竭且未作透析。發生病毒性肝炎急性惡化之危險因子為: 1) 治療前B或C型肝炎病毒量高之男性; 2)末期腎衰竭且未作透析。 我們想知道: 1)為什麼我國女性發生抗結核藥物性肝炎之危險性遠高於男性 (24% vs. 12%)? 2) 為什麼治療前B型或C型肝炎病毒量高之男性,在抗結核治療中易發生B型或C型肝炎之急性惡化,但女性卻不會? 我們搜尋到一種與藥物代謝基因CYP3A4之表現密切相關之核受體基因pregnane X receptor (PXR),可能可以回答我們部分之問題。目前已知CYP3A4負責代謝50%以上臨床上使用之藥物,然而CYP3A4基因之單核苷酸多型性(single nucleotide polymorphism,SNP) 並不常見,無法解釋為何CYP3A4基因之表現在個體之間差異如此大。近年來有不少研究發現,PXR基因可正向調節(upregulate) CYP3A4之表現,PXR基因之多型性(SNP)有些會影響其對於CYP3A4之正向調節,造成對於CYP3A4之抑制作用,使CYP3A4之藥物代謝功能變差,因而可能引起藥物性肝炎。目前已知flucloxacillin引起之藥物性肝炎與PXR基因有關,且flucloxacillin藥物性肝炎之危險性,在女性遠高於男性,與抗結核藥物性肝炎相似。在魚類亦觀察到,雌魚與雄魚的PXR及CYP3A4之表現強度有顯著不同。 由於若要直接研究PXR或CYP3A4基因之表現,必須使用肝臟組織為研究材料,在臨床研究上極為困難。然而,PXR基因之SNP研究,卻可以使用白血球作研究材料。因此我們計畫研究結核病患者及健康對照組PXR基因之SNP,分析其與抗結核治療中肝炎之關係。我們的假設是: 1) PXR基因之多型性與抗結核藥物性肝炎之發生有關,且其多型性之分布,在男性與女性不同,使得女性發生抗結核藥物性肝炎之危險性高於男性。 2) 有些PXR基因之SNP對於B型或C型肝炎病毒之複製可能有正向或負向之影響,使男性與女性在抗結核治療中發生B型或C型肝炎急性惡化之風險不同。 我們將用三年的時間來完成此研究,預定每年收結核病患者100例,健康接觸者40例。我們將作白血球PXR基因SNP之研究,分析PXR基因SNP之分布,在男性與女性有無不同,在有發生抗結核藥物性肝炎(或病毒肝炎之急性惡化)與沒有發生肝炎之病人有無不同,是否可以解釋女性發生抗結核藥物肝炎之危險性高於男性,但發生B型或C型肝炎之急性惡化之風險卻低於男性之現象。 <br> Abstract: Hepatitis during anti‐tuberculosis (TB) treatment (HATT) is the most important adverse event of anti‐TB chemotherapy. In 2007 to 2008 we conducted a prospective study to investigate risk factors of HATT. We found that HATT developed in 18.9% of our TB patients, of whom 16.5% were due to anti‐TB drugs (drug‐induced HATT), and 2.4% were due to acute flare‐ups of HBV/HCV hepatitis (virus‐induced HATT). Multi‐ variate analysis showed that risk factors for drug‐induced HATT were: 1) women without HBV/HCV infection; 2) N‐acetyl transferase 2 (NAT2) slow acetylator; 3) High initial HBV viral load, and 4) end‐stage renal disease without hemodialysis. Risk factors for virus‐induced HATT were: 1) men with high initial HBV or HCV viral load; 2) end‐stage renal disease without hemodialysis. We want to know : 1) Why women have higher risk of drug‐induced HATT than men (24 vs. 12%) ? 2) Why men (but NOT women) with high initial HBV or viral load have higher risk of virus‐induced HATT? We searched and found a nuclear receptor gene (pregnane X receptor, PXR) that may answer part of our questions. PXR can strongly enhance the expression of liver CYP3A4 gene. CYP3A4 metabolize > 50% of clinically prescribed drugs (including anti‐TB medicine). It has been shown that expression of PXR and that of CYP3A4 are significantly related, and that PXR gene single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) alters the expression and activity of CYP3A4, and can regulate metabolism of many drugs. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that in human PXR polymorphism is important in flucloxacillin‐induced liver injury which is more common in women, and in fish there is also sex‐specific differences in the expression of PXR and CYP3A4. Because investigations on PXR and CYP3A4 expression need to use liver tissue, such studies are extremely difficult to perform on clinical patients. On the contrary, studies on PXR polymorphism can use peripheral blood leukocytes. Thus we decide to investigate PXR polymorphism, instead of PXR and CYP3A4 expression. Our hypotheses are: 1) The distribution of PXR SNPs might be different in females than in males, leading to higher risk of anti‐TB drug‐induced hepatitis in females; 2) PXR SNPs may exert a positive or negative effect on HBV/HCV replication. Different distribution of PXR SNPs between female and male may lead to different risk of acute flare‐ups of viral hepatitis during anti‐TB therapy. We plan to complete the project in 3 years. Every year we’ll enroll 100 TB patients and 40 healthy contacts. We’ll perform peripheral blood PXR gene SNPs, compare the distribution of SNPs between male and female patients, patients with drug‐induced or viral‐induced HATT and those without, and analyze if PXR SNP could explain the higher risk of drug‐induced HATT, and lower risk of virus‐induced HATT in females than in males. 結核病抗結核治療中肝炎女性男性藥物性肝炎病毒性肝炎急 性惡化PXR基因CYP3A4藥物代謝單核苷酸多型性 tuberculosis hepatitis during anti‐TB treatment (HATT) drug‐induced HATT virus‐induced HATT PXR CYP3A4 polymorphism female male The Association between Gender-Specific Risk of Hepatitis during Anti-Tuberculosis Treatment and Pregnane X Receptor (PXR) Gene Polymorphism=抗結核治療中肝炎之性別特異性風險及其與PXR受體基因多型性之關係