Huang, Yi-MingYi-MingHuangHsu, Tsu-YuTsu-YuHsuLiu, Ching-YuChing-YuLiuHsieh, Yu-ChenYu-ChenHsiehLai, Kuan-YunKuan-YunLaiYA-WEN YANGKAI-YIN LO2024-02-202024-02-202024-020300483Xhttps://scholars.lib.ntu.edu.tw/handle/123456789/639811Lanthanum (La) and cerium (Ce), rare earth elements with physical properties similar to calcium (Ca), are generally considered non-toxic when used appropriately. However, their ions possess anti-tumor capabilities. This investigation explores the potential applications and mechanisms of LaCl3 or CeCl3 treatment in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell lines. TNBC, characterized by the absence of estrogen receptor (ERα), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2) expression, is prone to early metastasis and resistant to hormone therapy. Our results demonstrate that La/Ce treatment reduces cell growth, and when combined with cisplatin, it synergistically inhibits cell growth and the PI3K/AKT pathway. La and Ce induce oxidative stress by disrupting mitochondrial function, leading to protein oxidation. Additionally, they interfere with protein homeostasis and induce nucleolar stress. Furthermore, disturbance in F-actin web formation impairs cell migration. This study delves into the mechanism by which calcium-like elements La and Ce inhibit breast cancer cell growth, shedding light on their interference in mitochondrial function, protein homeostasis, and cytoskeleton assembly.enCytoskeleton assembly; Lanthanides; Nucleolar stress; Protein homeostasis; Triple-negative breast cancer[SDGs]SDG3journal article10.1016/j.tox.2024.153731382532312-s2.0-85183490726https://api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/scopus_id/85183490726