2020-01-012024-05-14https://scholars.lib.ntu.edu.tw/handle/123456789/656220摘要：台灣水稻育種至今仍深受日治時期所建立的改良目標及方法技術所影響。透過譜系及分子標誌分析台灣育成品種的親緣關係及遺傳歧異度的演變，結果均顯示台灣育成品種尤其梗稻間的遺傳多樣性遠低於秈稻族群與地方栽培種。如此狹隘的遺傳變異，造成族群在遭逢氣候變遷所引起的生物逆境與非生物逆境時，將會極度脆弱。從生態的角度來看，單一品種的大面積強勢栽培除了嚴重影響新育成品種的推廣及生存外，高化學肥料及農藥的施用，亦對環境如土壤微生物菌相及周遭生物的動態消長有所衝擊。目前全球秈米的交易總量超過75%，遠遠超過粳米及香米的10-15%，暗示消費秈米的人口非常龐大。由於秈稻的栽種環境分佈於熱帶及亞熱帶國家，其遺傳多樣性極度豐富，從永續生產的角度來看，秈稻在台灣的發展及育種應用有其絕對的優勢。考量上述因子，本研究欲利用基因體資訊與快速世代推進栽培技術，大規模探勘秈稻 (Indica) 及其近親夏稻 (aus) 種原，以加速台灣水稻育種遺傳資源創新。改良目標將設定在提升水稻光合作用效能及深根系發展，期望藉由改善這兩個特性，育成兼具氣候韌性及可永續生產的水稻品系，除了在台灣栽種外，更利於熱帶及亞熱帶國家推廣。本年度主要工作項目為 (1) 調查水稻種原收集系 在田間的性狀表現; (2) 利用全基因體關聯性方法定位控制數量性狀的基因座; (3)分析米質與農藝性狀在三個期作環境的關係。<br> Abstract: Current Taiwan rice breeding is heavily influenced by the objectives and methods established during Japanese rule period. Using pedigree and molecular markers to analyze the relatedness among Taiwan rice cultivars that were breed in the last 50 years, the results clearly showed the genetic diversity within Japonica varieties was much narrower as compared to those belonging to Indica subpopulation and landraces. This phenomenon causes the wide growing rice in the paddy field extremely fragile upon attack by biotic and abiotic stresses. From the ecological perspective, a single rice variety dominates over 50% of the overall growing area significantly not only affects the diversity of soil microbiome and the dynamics of surrounding living organisms under high input of fertilizer and chemicals, but also the acceptance and promotion of new breed varieties to the rice field. The current global trade of Indica rice is over 75%, far above the amount Japonica and aromatic rice put together, this suggests the population consumes Indica rice is enormous. Indica rice grows all over tropical and subtropical countries, it has rich genetic diversity. From the perspective of sustainable production, breeding and growing indica rice in Taiwan has advantages. Considering the above factors, this research project aims to utilize genomic information and rapid generation advancement (RGA) to expand the genetic diversity of local germplasm, through investigating large Indica rice germplasm population in the field and controlled environments for the general agronomic traits and the traits related to enhance photosynthesis efficiency and root development, we hope to develop novel germplasms that are climate resilient and prone to sustainable production, which not only can grow in Taiwan but also has potential to adapt other tropical and subtropical countries.