林嘉明2006-07-252018-06-302006-07-252018-06-302005-07-31http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw//handle/246246/4887本研究探討拜香熱值(A ，B ，C ，D 種拜香熱值3936-5060 Kcal/Kg)、化學組成（碳45-65% 及揮發份20-80 ％）、拜香粗細（3-5mm ）及燃燒環境條件(流量率與含氧量)等對氣相和微粒 相燃燒生成物排放的影響，以利低污染拜香的研發。研究在可控制燃燒環境的試驗腔進行， 控制試驗腔的流量率（1~20 L/min ）與含氧量（20 ％-45 ％），令拜香處於悶燒至明火燃燒的 狀態，在各次試驗（trial ）時分別以直讀式儀器測量燃燒點的表面溫度以及測試腔內微粒的 粒數濃度、體積濃度、粒徑分佈、CO 、CO2 與TVOCs ，另外並使用閉口式濾紙夾搭配37 mm 石英濾紙採取總懸浮微粒後稱重分析和使用活性碳吸附管採取揮發性有機污染物，藉氣相 層析質譜儀定性和定量有機化學物質；計算拜香的燃燒率（g/hr ）與燃燒效率 （=[CO2/(CO+CO2)]），以及各類氣相物質及微粒相物質的排放（速）率（mg/hr 或particle number/hr ）與排放因(數)子 (mg/g 或particle number/g)。 無煙香原料含揮發份較低，有煙香原料含揮發份相對高，但後者熱值（kcal/g ）略低。原 物料熱值愈高，拜香轉為火焰燃燒的所需含氧量越低，但無論何種拜香，當溫度超過大約 650 ℃時瞬即轉為有火焰燃燒，之前悶燒的溫度介於自400 升到650 ℃。當拜香悶燒時， 在相同的環境因素（空氣含氧量及流量率）下，高熱值拜香的燃燒點表面溫度較高，粗的 拜香燃燒點表面溫度亦較高；燃燒點溫度，也會分別隨著補充空氣的含氧量與流量率的增 加而升高，但流量率超過15 L/min 時開始有明顯的冷卻至溫度持恆（210 ℃）的效應。同 一種拜香當燃燒點溫度升高時，燃燒率以及CO 、CO2 、TVOCs 及微粒的排放率與排放因子 亦遞升，燃燒率以及氣體及微粒的排放率之自然對數值分別與燃燒點絕對溫度的倒數成良 好的線性關係；至於兩種拜香比較，無煙香原料含揮發份較低，熱值（kcal/g ）相對高，燃 燒點表面溫度亦較高，CO 、CO2 的排放因數子（mg/g ）相對的高，TVOCs 排放因數子相對 的低，產生較低的微粒濃度（質量濃度與粒數濃度），而粒徑中位數亦相對的較小。至於同 種拜香，粗的產生較多的粒數濃度，而且同種拜香在流率為15 L/min 以下時，隨著流率增 加粒徑變小而數目增加，但無論如何粒徑份佈均在次微米下。 未經燃燒的A(檀香)、B(無煙香)與C(檜香) 等拜香溶劑萃取液分別被鑑定出25 、19 與 84 種有機化學物質。大量的是天然植物性香料貢獻的烷、烯、醇、酚及其衍生物、醛、酮、 及酯類，亦含少量可能是由動物性香料貢獻的如出現於拜香C 之麝香 (musk)。當作塑化劑 用的diethyl phthalate 和bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate 也出現在拜香的溶劑萃取液。拜香燃燒所 產生的微粒相有機污染物，部分源自於原物料中的原形（低揮發性有機物）蒸發後再凝結 在微粒表面，部分為真正燃燒的產物。悶燒拜香所產生微粒相高碳分子量有機物，隨燃燒 時含氧量的增加而上升，但轉為火焰時，被高溫破壞而迅速下降。另外，悶燒拜香低碳數 烷類有機污染物，隨含氧量的增加，呈現下降的趨勢，因為低溫下產生較多量低碳數的烷 類，隨溫度的升高，低碳數的烷類量的減少可能是被高溫進一步破壞。在氣相所見的有機揮發物，其狀況亦十分相近。結論認為低含碳量及揮發物的原料所製成的細拜香，在較低 的氣體流量率之下使用，會產生相對低的TVOCs 、微粒及微粒像有機化合物。To develop a less polluting incense, this study characterized the gaseous and particulate emission from burning four types of Chinese incenses (A, B, C, D) with different heat values (3936-5060 Kcal/Kg), chemical compositions (carbon content 45-65% and volatile component 20-80%) at the controlled atmospheric conditions (air flow rate and oxygen content of air). The experimental trials were conducted in a test chamber where air flow rate (1-20 L/min) as well as oxygen content (20-45%) was regulated to keep incense smoldering up to burst of flame burning . The direct reading instruments were employed to measure the surface temperature at tip of a burning incense, characteristics of particulates (number concentration, volume concentration and size distribution), and concentrations of CO2, CO and total volatile compounds (TVOCs), respectively. The 37 mm quatz filter in a three pieces holder for sampling total particulates and the activated charcoal tube for sampling gaseous volatile organic compounds were applied to collect incense smoke for GC/MS analysis. The combustion rate (g/hr) and combustion efficiency (=[CO2/(CO+CO2)]) of an incense, and the emission rates (mg/hr or particle number /hr) as well as the emission factors (mg/g incense consumed or particle number /g incense consumed) for gaseous and particulate pollutants were calculated. The so-called “less smoke incense” had greater amount of carbon, less volatile component and greater heat value in comparison to the “smoke incense”. The incense with greater heat value required less oxygen content to shift it from smoldering state to flame burning state. The temperatures at tip of a burning incense during smoldering ranged from 400 ℃to 650 ℃.The incense soon shifted to flame burning at temperature beyond 650 ℃.At atmosphere with fixed air flow rate and oxygen content, the smoldering incense with greater heat value had relatively high surface temperature at burning tip and the incense with greater diameter did as well. The surface temperature also raised with the increase of oxygen content and air flow rate, respectively. However, the cooling effect due to high flow rate beyond 15 L/min tended to keep the temperature around 210 ℃.The burning rate of an incense and the emission rates as well as emission factors for particulate, CO2, CO and TVOCs increase with the increase of the surface temperature at burning tip. The linear regression was fitted well for the rate or the factor versus the inversely temperature in Kelvin. In comparison with the “smoke incenses” (types A, C and E), the “less smoke incense”(types B and D) with greater carbon content, greater heat value but less volatile component had relatively greater emission rates and emission factors of CO2 and CO , less emission of TVOCs, less particulate concentration and smaller size of particulate. Within a group of incenses prepared by the identical raw materials, burning the coarse incense yielded greater number concentration of submicron particulates. The number concentration increased but the size of particulates decreased as the air flow rate increased from 1L/min up to 15 L/min. GC/MS analysis identified 25, 19 and 84 species of chemicals in the solvent extracts of incenses A, B and C, respectively. Most chemicals such as alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, esters and phenols are likely attributed to the vegetarian raw materials of an incense while a few of chemicals like musk found in the extract of the Incense C may be from animal source. Plasticizers such as diethyl phthalate and bis(2-ethylhexyl)phathalate were also found in the extracts of the incenses. Particulate–bound chemicals found in incense smoke mainly were heat decomposed organic compounds although parts of the particulate-bound chemicals with low volatility were identical to the chemicals found in the extract of the incenses. The particulate-bound chemical species with greater carbon number increased along with the increase of oxygen content during smoldering of incenses but soon decreased as the incenses turned to flame burning. On contrary, the particulate-bound chemicals with less carbon number decreased with the increase of oxygen content in the supply air. The similar trends happened in gaseous phase of incense smoke. We concluded that the incense with low carbon content and less volatile component burning in atmosphere with low air flow rate yields less amount of pollutants in terms of TVOCs, particulates and particulate-bound chemicals.application/pdf1893707 bytesapplication/pdfzh-TW國立臺灣大學公共衛生學院環境衛生研究所拜香悶燒燃燒煙次微米微粒微粒相有機化合物IncenseSmoldering combustionSubmicron particleParticulate-bound chemicalsreporthttp://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw/bitstream/246246/4887/1/932320B002051.pdf