Jiang, B.-H.B.-H.JiangChan, P.-H.P.-H.ChanSu, Y.-W.Y.-W.SuHsu, H.-L.H.-L.HsuJeng, R.-J.R.-J.JengChen, C.-P.C.-P.ChenRU-JONG JENG2021-02-042021-02-042020https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85091336862&partnerID=40&md5=dc32cf06273a9e92c3bd56104bcb3599https://scholars.lib.ntu.edu.tw/handle/123456789/547017In this study we used p-type [poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrenesulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) and nickel oxide] and n-type (sol–gel and nanoparticle zinc oxides) materials as transporting layers for PM6:Y6–based organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices. These solution-processed transporting layers exhibited various surface energies, morphologies, and roughnesses that affected the subsequent growth of PM6:Y6 blend films. Using atomic force microscopy and grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray spectroscopy, we observed various PM6:Y6 blend film morphologies on the different substrates. Furthermore, the surface-induced PM6:Y6 blend morphology influenced the mechanism of carrier recombination and, thereby, affected the device performance. Among our tested systems, the PEDOT:PSS–based devices exhibited superior surface properties, possessed larger phase-segregated domains, and featured strong molecular packing, all of which resulted in OPVs displaying power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of up to 11.5%. When incorporating 1-chloronaphthalene as an additive during solution processing, the molecular packing was enhanced, thereby improving the PCE of the resulting devices from 11.5 to 13.4%. Devices incorporating ZnO (sol–gel) displayed performance comparable with that of the PEDOT:PSS–based devices, but exhibited superior air stability without encapsulation (25 °C, 40% humidity). © 2020 Elsevier B.V.Nickel oxide; Organic photovoltaic; Power conversion efficiency; Zinc oxide[SDGs]SDG7Atomic force microscopy; Buffer layers; Charge carriers; II-VI semiconductors; Morphology; Nickel oxide; Organic solar cells; Oxide minerals; Sols; Surface properties; X ray spectroscopy; Zinc oxide; Carrier recombination; Different substrates; Organic photovoltaic devices; Organic photovoltaics; Poly-3 ,4-ethylenedioxythiophene; Polystyrene sulfonate; Power conversion efficiencies; Solution-processing; Conducting polymersjournal article10.1016/j.orgel.2020.1059442-s2.0-85091336862