2010-08-012024-05-18https://scholars.lib.ntu.edu.tw/handle/123456789/698362摘要：本計畫將以「個人取向/社會取向」構念為理解現代「華人雙文化之我觀」的主軸，探討下列問題：（1）現代華人如何認知「自我」的概念？（2）兩套源自不同文化傳統的自我系統在現代華人身上究竟如何共存？（3）個人如何決定何時何地、何種考量下啟動何套自我系統？（4）兩套系統是否真能輪替運作而無矛盾衝突？（5）哪些個別差異因素能解釋雙文化自我在不同人身上共存與運作順暢的不同程度？（6）個人知覺到雙文化自我內在的衝突是否會衝擊個人的生活適應？（7）壓力因應又扮演了怎樣的角色？這些問題的探討將有助於我們開始了解身處社會變遷與文化交融的歷史洪流中的現代華人如何協調、折衝、統合兩套不同的自我系統，以求更平衡有效地適應生活環境，追求幸福人生。 具體而言，本計畫的第一年研究將採質性深度訪談法進行，主要目的是讓受訪者自由表述其對「自我」的看法。再請受訪者以其真實人生經驗，闡述在傳統與現代文化並存的台灣社會中，自己是否真的擁有較為「傳統」（社會取向）的為人處世之道，較為「現代」（個人取向）的為人處世之道，和兼採「傳統」與「現代」為人處世之道的經驗。質性資料經適度的理論化與概念化，應可整理出現代華人真實體認之「我觀」，亦可發現兩套自我系統運作的一些「通則」，供後續實徵研究推衍出可供檢驗的假設，以回應前列研究問題中的第（1）、（2）和（3）項。 本計畫的第二年研究將採結構式問卷調查法收集資料，探討究竟哪些因素可解釋雙文化自我的共存或融合程度之個別差異，預期可回應前列研究問題中的第（4）和（5）項。本研究的自變項將包括與雙文化運作有關之個人認知風格、態度價值、及能力，如認知複雜度、整體思維、心理彈性、雙文化能力等。本研究的依變項將包括主、客觀的雙文化系統運作的指標，前者如：自覺兩套系統間的衝突性、自覺在兩套系統間轉換的順暢性；後者如：個人所持有之兩套自我觀系統的組型。 本計畫的第三年研究將延續第二年的研究，採結構式問卷評量受訪者自覺兩套自我系統間的衝突程度，同時測量他們試圖緩解這一衝突的各種因應努力，及自尊、憂鬱、主觀幸福感、社會適應等依變項，以多變量分析檢驗「因應努力」在「自覺衝突感」與依變項間的調節作用。如此應能回應前列研究問題中的第（6）和（7）項，以找出連結雙文化自我與生活適應間一種可能的心理機制。 <br> Abstract: This series of studies will adopt individual-orientation and social-orientation as main explanatory constructs to understand the bicultural conceptions of “the self” prevalent in modern Chinese societies. We will focus on the following research questions: (1) How do modern day Chinese conceptualize “the self”? (2) How exactly do the two self systems of diverse cultural roots coexist within an individual? (3) How does an individual decide, when, where, and under which considerations, to activate one system or another? (4) Can the two systems really operate in turn without conflicts or contradictions? (5) Which factors can account for individual differences in the extent of coexistence and co-operation of the two systems across individuals? (6) What is the impact of perceived conflicts between the two systems on personal adaptation? (7) What is the role of coping in this process? Answering these questions would help us to better understand how contemporary Chinese people caught up in the cross streams of the East and the West, actually coordinate, negotiate, and possibly integrate the two self systems to lead a more balanced, effective and happier life. Specifically, the first year project will adopt a qualitative approach using in-depth interviews. Participants will be encouraged to talk about their conceptions of “the self”. They will be further probed about their true life experiences pertaining to predominantly traditional (social-oriented), predominantly modern (individual-oriented), and compromising traditional with modern “ways of being”. Qualitative analysis, conceptualizing and theorizing would then give us insights on lay Chinese people’s concepts of “the person” and “the self”. Some generic rules regarding the operation of the two self systems can also be formulated. Results of such analysis are hoped to respond to the aforementioned research questions 1, 2 and 3. The second year project will use structured questionnaires to explore potential factors accounting for individual differences in the extent of coexistence and co-operation of the two systems across individuals, responding to research questions 4 and 5. These individual difference factors may include personal cognitive styles, attitudes, values, and competences conducive to bicultural operations, such as cognitive complexity, holistic thinking, psychological flexibility, and bicultural competence. Both subjective and objective indicators of the smoothness of bicultural operations will be used, such as perceived conflict and ease for switch between the two systems for the former, relative strength of endorsement on the individual- and social-oriented self for the latter. The third year project will follow on the previous year study to explore the moderating role of coping efforts on the relationship between perceived conflict of the two systems and various indicators of personal adaptation, such as self-esteem, depression, happiness, and social adjustment. Results hopefully will answer research questions 6 and 7, delineating one possible mechanism linking the bicultural self to life adjustment.