林子儀Lin, Tzu-Yi臺灣大學:法律學研究所林怡君Lin, Yi-ChunYi-ChunLin2010-05-052018-07-052010-05-052018-07-052009U0001-0202200900371700http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw//handle/246246/179568胚胎植入前基因檢測(preimplantation genetic diagnosis , PGD)係針對人工體外受精所創造出來的胚胎,於植入母體子宮前,檢測胚胎之染色體或基因之技術。確認胚胎之性別以避免X染色體性聯遺傳疾病,以及檢測與孕婦年齡有關之染色體數量異常,係進行胚胎植入前檢測最常見之原因。近年來,胚胎植入前基因檢測不僅被用以避免遺傳性疾病,更被用以選擇某些特殊性狀,例如以救助手足為目的之表面抗原配對。此外,將胚胎植入前基因檢測應用於非治療性之目的,例如純為社會或文化原因之性別選擇之案例,亦漸漸增加。胎植入前基因檢測之應用,並非全無爭議。關於此等技術應用之規範,涉及許多重要之憲法價值。支持對胚胎植入前基因檢測之使用不加以管制之最強大理由,在於欲施術父母之生殖自由,政府對胚胎植入前基因檢測進行管制,可能涉及對人民生殖自由之限制。而支持胚胎植入前基因檢測之使用應加以管制之理由,包括受毀棄胚胎之保障、經由選擇所生出之子女對己身未來自由選擇之保障、避免特定疾病性狀對於社會上罹患該等疾病者可能造成之歧視,以及可涵括所有上述利益之人性尊嚴保障。以上所述種種權利、價值之權衡,顯示此等議題所涉及之利益之重要性,其道德兩難之衝突性,以及共識之達成於多元分歧社會之困難性。前我國針對胚胎植入前基因檢測之規範,僅有人工生殖法加以間接之規範,且立法者或由於己身專業能力之不足,或由於如何解決此爭議之社會共識不足,故無法全面以立法管控,而藉由「醫學正當理由」此一不確定法律概念之認定,將是否允許以胚胎植入前基因檢測為目的之人工生殖之決策權限,委諸主管機關衛生署為之。於實踐上,衛生署之監督寬鬆,甚至完全繫諸醫療機構倫理委員會之自律,於決策時難以妥適考量上述諸種重要價值之平衡。提升對胚胎植入前基因檢測應用管制之決策正當性,本論文建議納入審議式民主之理念,以提升管制胚胎植入前基因檢測之正當性。將審議式民主參與應用於胚胎植入前基因檢測管制決策程序之討論,不僅可達成資訊溝通與多元價值之激盪與增進公民知能之效果,更可藉此於醫療科技發展與進步之此刻,促使民眾思考生醫科技背後錯綜複雜之倫理與價值問題,增強決策之正當性。Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is a technique of testing embryos created by in vitro fertilization for a particular chromosomal or genetic disorder prior to implantation. Sexing an embryo to avoid X-linked disorders and testing for age related aneuploidy (an abnormal number of chromosomes) are the most common reasons for PGD. Lately, PGD is used not only to avoid genetic disorders, but also to select for certain characteristics, such as matching tissue type for a therapeutic purpose of an existing sibling. In addition, the demands to use PGD for fully non-medical purposes, such as sex selection of embryos solely for social or cultural reasons, are increasing.he use of PGD is controversial. The regulation of PGD is related to a great number of substantial constitutional interestes. The most important reason not to regulate PGD is prospective parent’s reproductive liberty. The regulation of PGD by the government may be considered as restricting people’s reproductive right. On the other hand, the reasons to regulate PGD include the protection of embryos, the protection of potential children’s right to an open future, possible harm or offense to disabled, and the most important one ─ human dignity. It is for the above-mentioned rights and interests that the study of PGD regulation is important and controversial, and they also explain why it is hard to get a common consensus in diverse society.o date the only PGD regulation in our country is through the indirect Artificial Reproduction Act. Full legal regulation remains impossible due to legislators’ lack of expertise or deficiency of social consensus on how to resolve the controversies. PGD is currently approved by the Department of Health based on the uncertain legal concept of “legitimate medical reason”. In practice, since the supervision of Department is loose and often merely depends on the self-regulation of the ethical committee in medical care institutions, the decision is hardly made with proper consideration of all important factors.he thesis suggests the inclusion of deliberative democracy theory to increase the legitimacy of the regulation of PGD. Deliberative public participation in the discussions of PGD regulation shall enable communication of information, stimulations by multi-values and increase of citizen intellect. Meanwhile, deliberative public participation shall also encourage the public to reflect on the complicated ethical and value issues resulted from the modern development of medical technology, which can reinforce the legitimacy of the regulation.辭i 要iiibstractv 錄vii一章 緒 論1.1. 研究動機1.2. 胚胎植入前基因檢測之發展與技術2.2.1. 胚胎植入前基因檢測之相關技術及原理3.2.2. 胚胎植入前基因檢測之操作流程8.2.3. 胚胎植入前基因檢測之應用12.2.4. 胚胎植入前基因檢測之醫療處置風險13.3. 文獻回顧15.3.1. 胚胎植入前基因檢測之憲法議題15.3.2. 胚胎植入前基因檢測相關法律爭議之概括性論述17.3.3. 胚胎植入前基因檢測之法理學分析18.3.4. 小結18.4. 問題的提出19.5. 本文之研究進路20.6. 研究範圍20.7. 本文脈絡21二章 胚胎植入前基因檢測所涉及之憲法價值23.1. 欲受術父母之基本權利---以生殖自由為中心23.1.1. 生殖自由之憲法基礎24.1.2. 生殖自由內涵之證立28.1.3. 基因科技時代之生殖自由內涵30.1.4. 分析與討論 32.2. 被毀棄胚胎之生命權34.2.1. 生命權於我國之憲法基礎34.2.2. 生命權之保障是否及於胚胎37.2.3. 衍生性或超然性主張56.2.4. 小結58.3. 關於被選擇的胚胎60.3.1. 被選擇胚胎之健康權60.3.2. 個體之自我決定權61.3.3. 世代正義62.3.4. 後世代人之憲法權利63.4. 對於障礙者的歧視與影響 64.4.1. 胚胎植入前基因檢測與美好生命之認定64.4.2. 胚胎植入前基因檢測與社會對障礙者之態度66.4.3. 可能涉及的權利侵害?67.5. 人性尊嚴68.5.1. 人性尊嚴之意義68.5.2. 胚胎是否為享有人性尊嚴保障之權利主體68.5.3. 本文見解70.6. 法益衡量?70.6.1. 具體應用方式涉及之價值權衡71.6.2. 價值權衡之艱難性74三章 胚胎植入前基因檢測之規範模式77.1. 我國關於胚胎植入前基因檢測之規範模式77.1.1. 我國關於胚胎植入前基因檢測之法律規範77.1.2. 我國關於胚胎植入前基因檢測之規範實踐78.1.3. 我國關於胚胎植入前基因檢測之規範檢討78.1.4. 小結81.2. 比較法上之管制模式81.2.1. 禁止模式81.2.2. 法律之限制性管制模式 82.2.3. 專業自律模式84.3. 管制模式之分析85.4 立法建議86.5. 小結 87四章 科技規範正當性與審議式公民參與88.1. 法律規範科技之難題89.1.1. 科技問題於規範上之特殊性89.1.2. 法律規範科技之難題90.1.3. 科技領域之行政權正當性基礎93.1.4. 當代民主政治之理論轉向95.1.5. 小結99.2. 審議民主理論於科技事務規範決策之實踐可能100.2.1. 審議民主之實踐可能場域100.2.2. 審議式公民參與模式之分析101.2.3. 審議式公民參與模式之效能與拘束力110.2.4. 對於審議民主與其實踐的批判與質疑115.2.5. 審議民主與公民知能之提升118.2.6.小結121.3. 審議式公民參與於我國之實踐可能122.3.1. 我國現行之公民參與機制122.3.2. 審議式民主參與於我國之實踐128.3.3. 制度與非制度性審議式民主參與之結合可能 133.4. 應用審議民主概念於胚胎植入前基因檢測之管制134.4.1. 人工生殖法之修正建議 134.4.2. 審議式公民參與之拘束力136.4.3. 小結138五章 結 論139考文獻142錄149application/pdf1490034 bytesapplication/pdfen-US胚胎植入前基因檢測生殖自由胚胎人工生殖法審議民主公民會議preimplantation genetic diagnosisPGDreproductive rightembryoArtificial Reproduction Actdeliberative democracycitizen consensus[SDGs]SDG3胚胎植入前基因檢測之規範模式研究Models of Regulation of Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosisthesishttp://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw/bitstream/246246/179568/1/ntu-98-R95a21023-1.pdf