Wang S.J.Lin W.C.Chiang Y.S.YIN-NAN HUANGHwang J.S.2026-03-162026-03-162021https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-105027850025&origin=resultslisthttps://scholars.lib.ntu.edu.tw/handle/123456789/736367Lead rubber bearings, which have been extensively applied in many seismic isolation designs for buildings, infrastructures, and facilities worldwide, were tested under unilateral reversal loading as well as non-proportional plane loading including circular, figure-eight, and square orbits in this study. The test results indicate that unlike the unilateral hysteretic behavior, the bilateral one of lead rubber bearings is too complicated to be characterized adequately by a simplified bilinear hysteretic model. It is mainly attributed to the bilateral coupling effect, which can be clearly observed from the abnormal deformation of the mesh pattern drawn on the rubber cover during the tests. In addition, after subjected to non-proportional plane loading, the tested bearings reveal visible permanent twisting deformation. The profiles of the cut bearings present the fracture of the inside lead plugs. Even so, the further unilateral reversal loading test results prove that the fracture might not affect the whole hysteretic behavior and mechanical properties very much. The applicability, robustness, and generalization of adopting Abe et al.’s and Hwang et al.’s models as well as the Bouc-Wen model for describing the coupled bilateral hysteretic behavior of lead rubber bearings are further demonstrated by comparing their predictions with the non-proportional plane loading test results. Although the coefficients are identified from unilateral reversal loading tests, the three analytical models can still have an acceptable prediction capability.falsebilateral couplinglead rubber bearingmathematical modelnon-proportional loadingresidual performanceconference paper2-s2.0-105027850025