林招松臺灣大學：材料科學與工程學研究所陳黼澤Chen, Fu-JeFu-JeChen2007-11-262018-06-282007-11-262018-06-282005http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw//handle/246246/55303鎳磷與鈷磷合金鍍層之性質取決於其磷含量和微結構。本研究分別於胺基磺酸鎳與胺基磺酸鈷溶液中添加0~40g/l亞磷酸，藉由直流電鍍製備鎳磷與鈷磷合金，發現鍍層磷含量會隨著鍍液中亞磷酸濃度增加而遞增，然而陰極電流效率卻隨鍍液中亞磷酸濃度增加而遞減。鍍層微結構之演變隨鍍層磷共鍍量的增加，依序從純鎳與純鈷之柱狀晶轉為層、柱共存的組織，再轉變為細緻的層狀結構，最後形成非晶質結構，鍍層微結構及電鍍過程中氫的還原會影響鍍層之硬度與內應力。鎳磷合金在低於400℃熱處理1小時後，硬度因含磷化合物的析出而增加，同時鍍層磷含量愈多會有較多含磷化合物的析出，阻礙晶粒成長而保有較高的高溫強度，熱處理溫度超過500℃時，鎳基地晶粒與Ni3P的成長導致鍍層硬度下降。鈷磷合金熱處理時，在鈷基地中會有大量的退火雙晶生成，所以鈷磷合金抗高溫軟化能力優於鎳磷合金。 脈衝電鍍能夠提高鍍層磷含量並改善電流效率與內應力。低負載率可製備高磷含量鍍層，同時保有高電流效率。低負載率為10%時，晶粒尺寸則隨著脈衝頻率的增加而變大，鍍層內應力隨著脈衝頻率的增加而有降低的趨勢。糖精的添加會改變鎳磷鍍層電化學的結晶行為，雖有助於降低鍍層內應力，但有機分子吸附在電極表面，使鍍液中亞磷酸根離子不容易吸附並還原，造成鍍層磷共鍍量大幅降低。Properties of Ni-P and Co-P electrodeposits can be best related to the phosphorus content and microstructure of the deposit. In this study, Ni-P and Co-P deposits were electroplated using the direct current in nickel and cobalt sulfamate solutions, respectively, with the addition of 0~40 g l-1 phosphorous acid (H3PO3). Experimental results indicate that deposit phosphorus content increased, while the current efficiency decreased with increasing bath H3PO3 concentration. Concomitant with the increase in deposit phosphorus content, the structure of the deposit evolved from coarse columnar grains for pure Ni and Co deposits to the mixture of column and laminate, then fine laminates, and finally amorphous structure. Both the deposit microstructure and proton discharge during electroplating affected the hardness and internal stress of the deposits. The hardness of Ni-P electrodeposits increased after 1 h of annealing at temperatures less than 400℃. This increase is due to the precipitation of P-bearing compounds. More P-bearing compounds precipitated and effectively inhibited the growth of recrystallized Ni grains for the deposit with higher phosphorus contents. Consequently, the deposit with more phosphorus generally exhibited higher peak hardness after 1 h of annealing at distinct temperatures. When annealing at temperatures exceeding 500℃, growth of Ni grains and coarsening of Ni3P precipitates prevailed; thereby resulting in a decrease in deposit hardness. Co-P deposits generally had higher softening temperature than Ni-P deposits because after annealing numerous twins formed in Co grains, while Ni grains were rather free of crystalline defects. Unlike dc electroplating, pulse electroplating enhanced the codeposition of phosphorus. And most importantly, pulse plating improved the current efficiency and reduced the internal stress associated with the deposit. Deposits containing high phosphorus contents could be plated under high current efficiency using the low duty cycle pulse currents. Furthermore, for the pulse currents with low duty cycle, namely 10%, both the grain size and internal stress of the deposit decreased with increasing pulse frequencies. The presence of saccharin in the solution modified the electrocrystallization of Ni-P deposit and reduced the internal stress of the deposit. Adsorption of this organic molecule, however, impeded adsorption and subsequent reduction of H3PO3. Therefore, less phosphorus was codeposited when saccharin was added to the solution.中文摘要………………………………………………………………i 英文摘…………………………………………………………………ii 誌謝……………………………………………………………………iv 目錄……………………………………………………………………v 表目錄…………………………………………………………………ix 圖目錄…………………………………………………………………x 第一章 導論……………………………………………………1 1.1前言…………………………………………………………1 1.2研究動機……………………………………………………2 第二章 文獻探討………………………………………………4 2.1電鍍基本原理………………………………………………4 2.2合金電鍍之電解定律與電流效率…………………………6 2.3電鍍液系統與操作參數對鍍層磷含量與微結構之影……8 2.3.1鍍液系統之種類與鎳磷鍍層中磷的來源………………8 2.3.2電鍍操作條件對鎳磷鍍層的磷含量與陰極電流效率之影 響…………………………………………………………9 2.3.3鍍液pH值之影響…………………………………………10 2.3.4鎳磷鍍層之結構…………………………………………10 2.4鎳磷共鍍機制………………………………………………12 2.5電鍍的電結晶過程…………………………………………16 2.6鎳磷合金之高溫退火相變態………………………………17 2.7脈衝參數對電沉積過程之影響……………………………20 2.8鍍層內應力…………………………………………………22 2.9有機添加劑之影響…………………………………………24 2.10 鈷磷合金…………………………………………………25 第三章 實驗方法………………………………………………27 3.1實驗設備……………………………………………………28 3.2鍍前處理……………………………………………………31 3.2.1鍍液組成與功用…………………………………………31 3.2.2電鍍液配置………………………………………………33 3.2.3陰極前處理………………………………………………33 3.2.4陽極前處理………………………………………………35 3.3熱處理………………………………………………………36 3.4鍍層分析之各類試片製作…………………………………37 3.4.1鍍層成份分析試片製備…………………………………37 3.4.2微硬度試驗與橫截面金相試片…………………………37 3.4.3 XRD試片製備……………………………………………38 3.4.4穿透式電子顯微鏡試片製作……………………………39 3.5鍍層內應力量測……………………………………………41 第四章 實驗結果………………………………………………44 4.1直流電鍍鎳磷合金…………………………………………44 4.1.1胺基磺酸鎳鍍液中亞磷酸濃度對鍍層成份與電流效率 之影響……………………………………………………44 4.1.2鎳磷鍍層橫截面OM金相…………………………………46 4.1.3鎳磷鍍層XRD分析 ………………………………………48 4.1.4鎳磷鍍層橫截面TEM ……………………………………50 4.1.5鎳磷鍍層硬度與內應力…………………………………55 4.1.6鎳磷鍍層之高溫行為……………………………………57 4.2脈衝電鍍鎳磷合金…………………………………………73 4.2.1鎳離子濃度對鍍層磷含量與電流效率之影響…………73 4.2.2電源型式對鎳磷鍍層磷含量與電流效率之影響………77 4.2.3脈衝頻率對鍍層磷含量與電流效率之影響……………80 4.2.4脈衝電鍍鎳磷合金鍍層橫截面TEM ……………………84 4.2.5脈衝參數對鎳磷鍍層內應力之影響……………………87 4.2.6糖精對鎳磷鍍層性質之影響……………………………90 4.3直流電鍍鈷磷合金…………………………………………93 4.3.1胺基磺酸鈷鍍液中亞磷酸濃度對鍍層成份與電流效率 之影響……………………………………………………93 4.3.2鈷磷鍍層橫截面OM金相 ………………………………95 4.3.3鈷磷鍍層XRD分析 ………………………………………98 4.3.4鈷磷鍍層橫截面TEM……………………………………100 4.3.5鈷磷鍍層硬度 …………………………………………107 4.3.6鈷磷鍍層之高溫行為 …………………………………109 第五章 討論 …………………………………………………124 5.1直流電鍍製程 ……………………………………………124 5.1.1亞磷酸濃度對鎳磷與鈷磷鍍層磷含量與電流效率之影 響 ………………………………………………………124 5.1.2鎳磷與鈷磷合金層狀結構形成之因素 ………………124 5.1.3鍍層內應力之形成因素 ………………………………128 5.1.4鍍層機械性質 …………………………………………134 5.2脈衝電鍍製程 ……………………………………………135 5.2.1鍍層磷含量之增加 ……………………………………135 5.2.2電流效率之改善 ………………………………………136 5.2.3內應力之降低 …………………………………………140 5.3有機添加劑之影響 ………………………………………141 第六章 結論 …………………………………………………142 第七章 未來展望.……………………………………………145 參考文獻………………………………………………………14615084526 bytesapplication/pdfen-US鎳磷合金鈷磷合金胺基磺酸鎳胺基磺酸鈷電流效率脈衝電鍍糖精Ni-P electrodepositCo-P electrodepositNickel sulfamate bathCobalt sulfamate bathcurrent efficiencypulse electroplatingsaccharinthesishttp://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw/bitstream/246246/55303/1/ntu-94-R92527012-1.pdf