Hsu Y.-TYan SHuang P.YU-TING HSU2022-03-222022-03-22202113619209https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85116121995&doi=10.1016%2fj.trd.2021.103053&partnerID=40&md5=d03712fe11e14c17ce16f31102827b47https://scholars.lib.ntu.edu.tw/handle/123456789/598002The transition from diesel-consuming buses to electric ones entails the problem of determining the locations of bus depots, charging and maintenance stations, which can directly affect the operating cost and efficiency of a bus system. The problem also involves practical concerns, including the selection of fleet size (of electric buses), land acquisition, bus allocation, and the associated deadhead mileage. This study develops an optimization model to systematically locate depots and relevant facilities for deploying mixed types of vehicles. Further, a decomposition-based heuristic algorithm is proposed to enhance computational efficiency. A case study is performed using the data of a bus operator in Taiwan. Sensitivity and scenario analyses are conducted, evaluating major cost components and identifying the factors that affect the trade-offs between them. The proposed methodology enables bus operators/planners to closely and holistically examine their decisions during the transition toward electric bus systems. ? 2021 Elsevier LtdBus allocationCharging stationElectric busesLocation problemMixed bus systemOptimizationBus transportationBusesCharging (batteries)Computational efficiencyCost benefit analysisEconomic and social effectsEfficiencyElectric vehiclesFleet operationsHeuristic algorithmsLocationSensitivity analysisBus operatorsBus systemsCharging facilitiesElectric busFacility location problemLocation problemsOptimisationsalgorithmbus transportelectric vehiclefacility locationnumerical modeloptimizationpublic transportscenario analysissensitivity analysisurban transportTaiwan[SDGs]SDG11journal article10.1016/j.trd.2021.1030532-s2.0-85116121995