關永中臺灣大學:哲學研究所鄭義愷Jeng, I-KaiI-KaiJeng2007-11-272018-05-292007-11-272018-05-292006http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw//handle/246246/56420本論文考察德國現象學家馬克斯.謝勒(Max Scheler, 1874-1928)的倫理學思想,而重心在於他如何奠定其倫理學的基礎,以及他倫理學學說的基本含義。研究的主要文本乃是他倫理學的核心作品:《倫理學中的形式主義與實質的價值倫理學:一門倫理位格論的新嘗試》。由於謝勒聲稱他的研究方法以現象學為本,因此首先要釐清的是,謝勒所理解的現象學為何,它為什麼又能夠研究倫理問題。謝勒倫理學的兩大基礎是價值論與位格論,這兩者的內容及其間的關聯,又如何能夠為倫理學給出一個可靠的基礎?接著本文將解釋謝勒的價值論與位格論所引發的三個基本論題:客觀又專屬個人的善、道德相對性、與倫理共契原理。結論處則會將指出謝勒倫理學需要什麼樣的進一步研究與拓展。This thesis shall clarify how the German phenomenologist Max Scheler (1874-1928) attempts to give his ethics a thorough foundation, and how this foundation gives view to peculiar problems of ethics. The main focus of this investigation, of course, is his most important work, Formalismus in der Ethik und die materiale Wertethik. Neuer Versuch der Grundlegung eines ethischen Personalismus. Since Scheler asserts that his ethics is based on phenomenology, the author shall first provide a brief outline of Scheler's understanding of phenomenology. Then he shall explain how Scheler uses phenomenology to display the two main concepts of his ethics, "value" and "person", and work out how their internal relationship could provide a foundation for ethical investigations. Finally, the thesis shall explain how the two concepts bring the following problems into view: the objective individual good, the relativity of morals, and the principle of solidarity. In the conclusion, further research that would be necessary for defending and broadening Scheler's ethical thought shall be indicated.導論......................................................................................................... ...........1 第一節 謝勒與康德 ..........................................................................................................4 第二節 謝勒倫理學的基本命題及其開展 ..................................................................15 第一章 謝勒的現象學還原 ..........................................................................19 第一節 三種態度之比對 ...............................................................................................20 一、概述 ...................................................................................................................20 二、自然態度與科學態度之相對性 ...................................................................27 三、相對性以及超越視野之必要 ........................................................................28 第二節 現象學還原之實施 ...........................................................................................30 一、消極環節:不受感性與實在信念的干擾 ...................................................30 二、積極環節:直觀著的反思 .............................................................................32 第三節 現象學態度之成果 ...........................................................................................34 一、實事本質與行動本質 .....................................................................................34 二、闡述本質之模式:演示(Aufweisen) ......................................................39 三、謝勒對胡塞爾現象學的繼承與轉化 ............................................................41 小結:現象學還原與倫理學奠基 ................................................................................48 第二章 價值等級秩序與善惡價值 ..............................................................53 第一節 先天實質價值及其等級秩序之導出 .............................................................53 一、價值感覺對意願之奠基 .................................................................................53 二、價值如何既先天又實質? .............................................................................56 三、價值的等級秩序與偏好、拒斥 ....................................................................61 第二節 價值之欺暪與顛覆 ......................................................................................70 第三節 善惡價值初探 ...................................................................................................76 第三章 位格論及其倫理意涵 ......................................................................81 第一節 什麼是位格? ..............................................................................................81 一、負面義:行動所不是者 .................................................................................86 二、正面義:從行動到位格 .................................................................................90 第二節 人與位格 ......................................................................................................95 第三節 位格基本的倫理意涵 ..................................................................................99 一、位格底自主性 ..................................................................................................99 二、位格底責任 ....................................................................................................104 三、位格底獨特性 ................................................................................................104 第四節 善惡價值再探 ............................................................................................107 小結 ................................................................................................................................113 第四章 一門倫理的位格論 ........................................................................115 引論 世界的悲劇性現象 .............................................................................................115 第一節 位格獨特性之探索 .........................................................................................118 一、愛與恨的現象學 ...........................................................................................118 二、愛的秩序、存心與存心之轉變 ..................................................................122 三、存心轉變的可能之一:效法楷模 ..............................................................128 四、存心轉變的可能之二:懊悔 ......................................................................137 第二節 倫理相對性學說之提出 ................................................................................140 第三節 社群學說與休戚相關原理之提出 ............................................................145 一、謝勒的社群學說 ...........................................................................................145 (一)、生機―心理存有者層次的社群性單位 .................................................149 (二)、精神層次的社群特質:位格之個體位格面向與總體位格面向 .......153 二、共契原理之推演 ...........................................................................................159 小結 從倫理學奠基到宗教現象學的過渡 ...............................................................166 結語 ................................................................................................................171 第一節 本文結論 ..........................................................................................................171 第二節 謝勒與亞里斯多德、康德在倫理學上的比較 ..........................................173 一、謝勒與亞里斯多德 .......................................................................................173 二、謝勒對康德倫理學的承繼與「相對化」 .................................................177 (一)、非善惡價值與價值感覺 ...........................................................................178 (二)、善惡價值 .....................................................................................................180 第三節 謝勒倫理學的前景 .........................................................................................183 參考書目 .......................................................................................................1872124242 bytesapplication/pdfen-US謝勒形式主義倫理學現象學價值位格愛倫理共契原理SchelerFormalismusethicsphenomenologyvaluepersonloveprinciple of ethical solidarity謝勒的倫理學奠基:實質價值與位格的現象學倫理學Scheler's Foundation of Ethics: a phenomenological ethics of non-formal values and personsthesishttp://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw/bitstream/246246/56420/1/ntu-95-R92124011-1.pdf