Yuan-Hsi ChienI-YUN HSIEH2024-12-242024-12-242025-0122106707https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85210669312&origin=resultslisthttps://scholars.lib.ntu.edu.tw/handle/123456789/724298With the global rise in electric scooter adoption and the expansion of battery swapping stations (BSSs), particularly in Taiwan—home to the world's densest network of these facilities—these stations are increasingly recognized as crucial energy storage hubs that enhance grid stability. This study introduces a smart energy management system designed for optimal charge and discharge management of BSSs, using Taiwan as a practical example. Central to our approach is a vehicle-to-grid (V2G) strategy, which, through hourly resolution analyses, assesses the impacts on grid peak demand, operational costs, and emissions. Our results indicate that V2G significantly reduces peak power demand by 110.1% compared to traditional charging methods and lowers operating costs by 18.9% through energy arbitrage. Although current emission reductions are modest due to Taiwan's limited renewable installed capacity, projections demonstrate that emissions could rise by 2% without strategic emission management. Our proposed V2G strategy targets both peak shaving and low-emission charging periods, potentially reducing emissions by 12.8% and supporting national sustainability targets. Furthermore, a comparative analysis shows that V2G is effective in both urban and rural settings, with rural areas achieving greater reductions in peak power usage and costs due to their higher idle battery capacity. This emphasizes the importance of tailored energy management strategies and underscores the critical role of well-designed BSS charging strategies in moving towards a sustainable, net-zero future.falseBattery swap stationsElectric scootersEmission managementPeak shavingSmart energy management systemVehicle-to-grid (V2G) strategy[SDGs]SDG7journal article10.1016/j.scs.2024.1060042-s2.0-85210669312