Feng, M.M.FengWu, C.-H.C.-H.WuHolonyak, N.N.HolonyakCHAO-HSIN WU2020-06-292020-06-292018https://scholars.lib.ntu.edu.tw/handle/123456789/505936The electrically pumped vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) was first demonstrated with metal cavities by Iga (1979); however, the device threshold current was too high. Distributed Bragg reflector cavities proposed by Scifres and Burnham (1975) were adopted to improve the optical cavity loss. Yet, it was not a practical use until the discovery of the native oxide of AlGaAs and the insertion of quantum wells to provide simultaneous current and optical confinement in semiconductor laser by Holonyak and Dallesasse (1990). Later, the first 'low-threshold' oxide-confined VCSEL was realized by Deppe (1994) and opened the door of commercial application for a gigabit energy-efficient optical links. At present, we demonstrated that the oxide-confined VCSELs have advanced error-free data transmission [bit-error rate (BER) ≤ 10-12 ]to 57 Gb/s at 25 °C and 50 Gb/s at 85 °C, and also demonstrated that the pre-leveled 16-quadrature amplitude modulation orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing data were achieved at 104 Gbit/s under back-to-back transmission with the received error vector magnitude, SNR, and BER of 17.3%, 15.2 dB, and 3.8 × 10-3 , respectively. © 1965-2012 IEEE.Optical interconnect; oxidation; semiconductor laser; vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs)[SDGs]SDG7Aluminum alloys; Aluminum gallium arsenide; Cavity resonators; Discovery wells; Energy efficiency; Gallium alloys; Gallium compounds; Laser pulses; Lasers; Optical interconnects; Optical waveguides; Oxidation; Quantum well lasers; Semiconductor lasers; Semiconductor quantum wells; Transceivers; Back to back transmission; Commercial applications; Electrically pumped; High speed optical interconnects; High speed optical techniques; Optical confinement; Optical interconnect; Optical reflection; Surface emitting lasersjournal article10.1109/JQE.2018.28170682-s2.0-85044071808https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85044071808&doi=10.1109%2fJQE.2018.2817068&partnerID=40&md5=61f0d6cf303a91148a0e6d510e735342