2013-01-012024-05-17https://scholars.lib.ntu.edu.tw/handle/123456789/690798摘要：Stress is a term frequently used as a risk factor of a high number of disease states. Stress response is not uniform but depends on the stress stimulus involved and on many other factors including species and the gender of the individual. Neuroendocrine activation, in particular stimulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis (HPA) and sympathoadrenal system (Jezova et al., 1996) belongs to the main characteristics of the stress response. Several other hormonal systems participate on the positive and negative effects of the stress response (Jezova et al., 1995, Jezova and Hlavacova 2008). The stress response is needed to overcome acute demands on the body and the hormones released help to cope with the stress situation. However, too intensive and chronic stress, particularly if it is unpredictable and uncontrollable (Koolhaas et al. 2011) leads to a negative outcome in several organ systems. Increasing evidence has accumulated on the role of stress hormones in two frequent, on the first view unrelated pathologies, namely depression and obesity. Adipose tissue is an active endocrine organ. Accumulation of adipose tissue leads to development of obesity and related disorders such as insulin resistance and hypertension commonly known as metabolic syndrome. Obesity is not only accompanied by inflammation (Trayhurn et al., 2004), but it is also associated with altered production of adipokines and alterations in neuroendocrine factors (Eyster, 2011). Depression represents a serious illness, which is associated with changes in several neuroendocrine functions (Jezova and Hlavacova 2008). There is an interrelation between depression and adiposity. Presence of depression promotes accumulation of the adipose tissue and inflammatory response, which in turn results in release of cytokines influencing the brain (Miller et al., 2003). It appears that a state of primary intracellular cortisol excess may exist in obesity (Morthon et al, 2009). Cortisol seems to play an important role in the development of mood disorders, as demonstrated in patients with depression and those with endocrine diseases accompanied by hypercortisolemia (Jezova and Hlavacova 2008, Gragnoli, 2011). The obese phenotype is often accompanied by an alteration in mood and it is successfully treatable by removal of corticosteroid excess, rather than by use of antidepressants (Sonino et al., 2001). There are several neuropeptides modified by stress stimuli, such as nesfatin-1 (Goebel et. al, 2009), which have a role in the regulation of food intake and adipose tissue metabolism. We have recently shown that another neuropeptide, namely oxytocin plays an important and positive role in adipose tissue remodeling (Eckertova et al. 2010). Among 2 others, oxytocin treatment increases the number of small adipocytes. Adipose tissue with a higher number of small adipocytes has a greater ability to accumulate triacylglycerols and supports a redistribution o<br> Abstract: Stress is a term frequently used as a risk factor of a high number of disease states. Stress response is not uniform but depends on the stress stimulus involved and on many other factors including species and the gender of the individual. Neuroendocrine activation, in particular stimulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis (HPA) and sympathoadrenal system (Jezova et al., 1996) belongs to the main characteristics of the stress response. Several other hormonal systems participate on the positive and negative effects of the stress response (Jezova et al., 1995, Jezova and Hlavacova 2008). The stress response is needed to overcome acute demands on the body and the hormones released help to cope with the stress situation. However, too intensive and chronic stress, particularly if it is unpredictable and uncontrollable (Koolhaas et al. 2011) leads to a negative outcome in several organ systems. Increasing evidence has accumulated on the role of stress hormones in two frequent, on the first view unrelated pathologies, namely depression and obesity. Adipose tissue is an active endocrine organ. Accumulation of adipose tissue leads to development of obesity and related disorders such as insulin resistance and hypertension commonly known as metabolic syndrome. Obesity is not only accompanied by inflammation (Trayhurn et al., 2004), but it is also associated with altered production of adipokines and alterations in neuroendocrine factors (Eyster, 2011). Depression represents a serious illness, which is associated with changes in several neuroendocrine functions (Jezova and Hlavacova 2008). There is an interrelation between depression and adiposity. Presence of depression promotes accumulation of the adipose tissue and inflammatory response, which in turn results in release of cytokines influencing the brain (Miller et al., 2003). It appears that a state of primary intracellular cortisol excess may exist in obesity (Morthon et al, 2009). Cortisol seems to play an important role in the development of mood disorders, as demonstrated in patients with depression and those with endocrine diseases accompanied by hypercortisolemia (Jezova and Hlavacova 2008, Gragnoli, 2011). The obese phenotype is often accompanied by an alteration in mood and it is successfully treatable by removal of corticosteroid excess, rather than by use of antidepressants (Sonino et al., 2001). There are several neuropeptides modified by stress stimuli, such as nesfatin-1 (Goebel et. al, 2009), which have a role in the regulation of food intake and adipose tissue metabolism. We have recently shown that another neuropeptide, namely oxytocin plays an important and positive role in adipose tissue remodeling (Eckertova et al. 2010). Among 2 others, oxytocin treatment increases the number of small adipocytes. Adipose tissue with a higher number of small adipocytes has a greater ability to accumulate triacylglycerols and supports a redistribution of lipids from ectopic sites to adipose tissue (Zorad et al., 2006). Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) in fish oil has beneficial effects on metabolic syndrome (Flachs et al. 2009). DHA upregulates peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ), the key regulator of adipocyte differentiation and insulin sensitivity (Yu et al. 2011). As mentioned above, obesity and depression share psychosocial and pathophysiological factors. There are still many uncovered issues on biological mechanisms linking these two diseases.催產素內泌素心血管oxytocinendocrinecardiovasculture