鄭福田臺灣大學：環境工程學研究所巫月春Wu, Yueh-ChuenYueh-ChuenWu2007-11-292018-06-282007-11-292018-06-282005http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw//handle/246246/62758我國環境檢測機構許可制度實施至今已有十餘年之久，在環境基本法明確揭示事業自動申報制度為我國環境污染管制措施之一後，更奠定了環境檢測機構存在的定位與價值。環境檢測機構所提供之檢測數據用途可作為工廠(場)污染防制或改善之基礎，亦為政府機關污染管制、調查或評估中不可或缺之依據；但良好數據品質來自合理利潤與有效管理。由於環境檢測機構管理制度設計不完善、法規建制不全、管理人力不足及檢測市場供需失衡等環境因素下，環境檢測機構之檢測數據品質已有逐漸下降之虞。 本研究以固定污染源排放管道空氣污染物之檢測為例，估算其檢測人力基本工時需求，推估最適市場檢測人力供應量，並針對目前檢測機構許可與管理現況，研擬管理之改善策略建議，提供主管機關作為施政之參考。 研究結果顯示，現有取得固定污染源排放管道空氣污染物項目許可之檢驗室家數與最適供應量相接近，但檢測機構取得許可後，檢驗室擴充檢測人力及設備能量，造成市場呈現供過於求，其中以「戴奧辛採樣」項目最為嚴重；因此對檢測機構取得許可後，檢測量能擴充的控制，檢測技術的監督有其必要性。另外研訂「環境檢驗管理法」，實施檢測人員證照制度為直接有效，但須長期努力之策略；建議設置採樣即時追蹤系統，建立採樣監控機制；加強專業訓練及分工，落實採樣監督機制；提高查核頻率與效益；控制檢測能量與檢測市場供需資訊公開等為短期可行之檢測機構管理策略。It has been more than ten years for the Republic of China in Taiwan to have the accreditation system for the environmental analysis organizations (EAOs). After the environmental enterprises are mandated to have an effective measure, which is called the self-reporting mechanism, for environmental pollution controls, and which is under the “Basic Environment Act” set by Environmental Protection Administration, the EAOs play accordingly an important and effective role in the career of environmental pollution controls. The testing data provided by EAOs are not only useful for the factories as the guidelines of pollution prevention and improvement in practice, but also useful for the competent authority as the essential references to enforce pollution controls, surveillance and assessments. Logically, the quality of data is negatively related to profits and loading capacity of the EAOs. In addition, a good quality of data is based on the management system of the EAOs. However, the quality of testing data provided by EAOs recently has the risk of degradation due to certain factors, such as the immaturity of the management system for EAOs, shortage in enactment and manpower, and imbalance between supply and demand in the environmental analysis. This study is focused on “Air Pollutants Measurement in Stationary Pollution Sources” as an example to estimate the employees and equipments capacity required for the disclosed measurements, to project the optimal supply of analysis manpower and equipments capacity in the whole environmental analysis market, and to provide positive suggestions for policymaker in managing and accrediting the EAOs. The result of this study reveals that the capacity of the available EAOs measuring “Air Pollutants Measurement in Stationary Pollution Sources” is nearly equal to the estimated optimal supply of analysis manpower and equipments capacity in the environmental analysis market. Nevertheless, that the EAOs are qualified and then start to expand their business for a good profit brings undesirable consequences in which supply exceeds the demand, particularly, in the approved item of dioxins sampling. Therefore, after the EAOs are qualified, there is a need to supervise their testing capacity and analysis skills. This study has proposals to prevent the undesirable consequences in terms of long-term and short-term strategy for the management of the EAOs. For long-term strategy, the competent authority should formulate and promulgate the regulations of “Environmental Analysis Management Act” and “Licensing of the Analysis Personnel.” For short-term strategy, the EAOs are requested to set up satisfactory processes for their testing data, including the real time tracking system of sampling, intensive professional training, personnel specialty collaboration, sampling auditing procedures, reasonable rate of auditing and evaluation, monitoring testing capacity and market survey aimed at supply and demand status in the related field timely.目 錄 第一章 前言 …………………………………………………… 1-1 1.1 研究緣起 ……………………………………………… 1-1 1.2 研究目標 ………………………………………………… 1-6 第二章 文獻回顧 ……………………………………………… 2-1 2.1 美國檢測機構認證制度與發展 …………………… 2-2 2.1.1營業收入規模分布 ……………………………… 2-4 2.1.2檢測業務來源分布 ……………………………… 2-5 2.1.3檢測樣品介質分布 ……………………………… 2-5 2.1.4技術服務分布 …………………………………… 2-5 2.2 日本檢測機構認證制度與發展 ………………………… 2-8 2.3 國內檢測機構認證與管理制度 ……………………… 2-10 2.3.1 環境檢測機構之許可管理制度與發展 ……… 2-12 2.3.2環境檢測機構之發展現況 ……………………… 2-15 2.4 我國環境檢測機構管理相關研究 …………………… 2-26 2.5 環境檢驗法草案 ……………………………………… 2-28 第三章 研究方法 ……………………………………………‥ 3-1 3.1 檢測方法基本工時分析 ………………………………‥ 3-1 3.1.1 採樣人力工時統計 …………………………… 3-4 3.1.2 檢測分析、報告整理及數據品管工時 ……… 3-4 3.1.3 檢測機構人員座談與意見評析 ……………… 3-5 3.2 檢測需求量推估 ………………………………………… 3-5 3.3 市場供需之評估 ………………………………………… 3-7 3.4 管理策略之研議 ………………………………………… 3-7 第四章 結果與討論 …………………………………………… 4-1 4.1 檢測人力工時分析 …………………………………… 4-1 4.1.1實際採樣工時之統計 …………………………… 4-1 4.1.2採樣工時之推估 ………………………………… 4-5 4.1.3分析、報告整理及品質管制工時推估 …………… 4-6 4.1.4檢測人力工時分析結果 ………………………… 4-7 4.2 檢測需求量推估與分析 ……………………………… 4-10 4.2.1法規申報及稽查檢測資料統計 ………………… 4-10 4.2.2檢測機構採樣行程申報檢測量統計 …………… 4-11 4.2.3 檢測需求量推估結果 …………………………… 4-17 4.3 檢測市場供應現況分析 ……………………………… 4-19 4.3.1檢測市場最適供應量分析 ……………………… 4-20 4.3.2檢測市場供應現況評估 ………………………… 4-23 4.4 管理策略之研議 ……………………………………… 4-27 4.4.1研訂環境檢測管理法，落實檢測機構管理 …… 4-30 4.4.2 檢測人員管理策略 ……………………………… 4-44 4.4.3採樣即時追蹤系統，建立採樣監控機制 ……… 4-47 4.4.4技術垂直分工，建立全面檢測機監督網 …… 4-54 4.4.5 建置「質」「量」並重之許可管理機制 ……… 4-61 4.4.6加強工廠(場)污染稽查頻率與效益 …………… 4-67 4.5 本章小結 ………………………………………………… 4-71 第五章 結論與建議 ……………………………………………… 5-1 5.1結論 ……………………………………………………… 5-1 5.2 建議 ……………………………………………………… 5-2 第六章 參考文獻 ……………………………………………… 6-1 第七章 附錄 ……………………………………………………… 7-1 附錄一 環境檢驗法（草案）條文 …………………………… 7-2 附錄二 排放管道檢測項目許可機構明細表 ……………… 7-8 附錄三 檢測方法工時分析結果 …………………………… 7-101374239 bytesapplication/pdfen-US環境檢驗測定機構固定污染源空氣污染物檢測即時追蹤系統EAOsAir Pollutants Measurement in Stationary Pollution Sourcesreal time tracking system[SDGs]SDG11[SDGs]SDG12thesishttp://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw/bitstream/246246/62758/1/ntu-94-P92541208-1.pdf