夏長樸臺灣大學：中國文學研究所方俠文Fang, Shia-WenShia-WenFang2007-11-252018-05-292007-11-252018-05-292006http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw//handle/246246/50924梁啟超早年有志於科第帖括之學。他16歲中舉，17歲赴京參加會試，18歲進入萬木草堂拜康有為為師，從此，思想觀念遂發生重大的轉變，他從一個孜孜於學業仕進的學子轉而投身政治舞台，成為中國近代史上一位叱吒風雲的歷史人物。民國成立之後，梁啟超兩度出任閣員，先司法，後財政，並經歷了與袁世凱合作時代，護國之役時代，以及復辟事件，實現了他多年以來從政報國的理想。然而，梁啟超卻於1917年年終之際，逐漸退出政壇，結束了他的「正面政治生涯」，並於隔年的12月底，與研究系諸位好友，一同前往歐洲遊歷、考察，在親身體驗西方文化之後，梁氏一掃過去崇拜西方學說、批判傳統文化的態度，轉而肯定、發揚傳統文化的精神與價值，並進而嘗試在中西文化的特殊背景之中，試圖創造出一種新的綜合學術思想體系。雖然，梁啟超晚年所欲建構的中西融合學術觀，粗疏、籠統，不具系統，但是，他對西方學術中所具有的「思想自由」以及「科學精神」則極為肯定。從他對西方學術思想價值核心觀念的肯定，反映出梁啟超晚年在回歸傳統學術思想的治學取向。從學術思想的角度來說，梁啟超晚年思想的轉變，不僅僅是他從政治轉移到學術文化，更重要的是他在回歸傳統文化以後，從傳統學術過渡到現代化的發展過程中，所扮演的承先啟後的關鍵性角色。因此，本文嘗試從梁啟超晚年學術思想的兩個重心─清代學術和先秦諸子進行探討，並具體說明梁啟超晚年對當代學術界的貢獻和影響。Qi-Chao Liang had set his mind on studying to become the Honorable National Number One Scholar. When he was 16 years old, he passed the imperial examination system. At age 17, he went to Beijing and attended the national examination assembly. When he turned 18, he joined Wan-Mu-Chao Academy and sought You-Wei Kang as his mentor. Thereafter, his philosophy of thinking had transformed greatly. He changed from a studious student to a political figure, who devoted on the political arena riding the whirlwind in the history. After the establishment of republic country, Qi-Chao Liang was appointed to be the cabinet member in charge of justice and finance. He achieved his many-year dreams to serve the country, and he had been through the era cooperating with General Shi-Kai Yuan, era of National Protection Battle and restoration of a dethroned monarch. However, at the end of year 1917, Qi-Chao Liang gradually stepped out of the politics and ended his “positive political career”. By next December, he accompanied by several good friends and traveled to Europe. As soon as he personally experienced the western culture, Qi-Chao Liang put both his devotion on western beliefs and criticism of traditional culture at the back of his mind. He was then become positive and acclaimed the spirit and values in the traditional culture. It is from the special mix of Chinese and western culture background that he attempted to create a new kind of assorted academic thinking system. Even though the structure of Chinese and western mixed academic philosophy, which he created at his later years, was still rough and too general at the time that it could not be called a system, he appraised a great deal of the “freedom of thinking” and “scientific spirit” associated within the western academics. From his affirmation for the core principal value in the western academics, it reflects that Qi-Chao Liang’s later years were reverted back to the traditional academic thinking. From the academic thinking perspective, Qi-Chao Liang’s transformation at the later years not only is transiting from politics to academic culture, but also more importantly is his delivery role of the process changing traditional academics to modernization. Thus, this report is founded based on this thinking background to explore Qi-Chao Liang’s uniqueness in academic thinking after reverting back to the traditional culture. This report is focused primarily on Qi-Chao Liang’s academic philosophy researches on Chin Dynasty academic research and Pre-Ching King’s research. Furthermore, it studies the uniqueness of Qi-Chao Liang’s academic philosophy during his later years, and its impact to nowadays academic studies.目 次 中文摘要…………………………………………………………………………...…………II 英文摘要………………………………………………………………………..……IX 緒論 一、研究動機……………………………..……………………………………………1 二、研究史的回顧…………………..…………………………………………………7 第一章 戊戌變法前後梁啟超治學的變化……………………….…...……..……14 第一節 戊戌變法前梁啟超學術思想的淵源與特色……………..……………15 一、啟蒙時期的學業根柢 (1873-1889)………………………………………..15 二、萬木草堂時代的教育 (1890-1894)………………………………………..20 三、小結…………………………………………………………………………27 第二節 梁啟超在學術思想上與康有為的異同…………..……………………28 一、康梁學術分途的始末………………………………………………………28 二、梁啟超言論思想的轉折……………………………………………………33 三、建構「進化論自由觀」的學術體系……………………………………..…..38 四、小結……………………………………………………………………..…..44 第三節 梁啟超晚年學術思想轉變的原因…………..…………………....……46 一、民國初年從政之途的挫折…………………………………..…….....……47 二、歐洲遊歷的一般觀察和感想………………………………………………53 三、小結…………………………………………………………………………65 第二章 梁啟超晚年學術思想的特色…………………………………….....…….67 第一節 梁啟超中西融合學術觀的變化……………………………….....…….67 一、「中體西用」說 (1890-1898)：以《變法通議》為探討中心…........…..67 二、「淬厲採補」說 (1898-1912)：以《新民說》為探討中心……....……..75 三、「東西化合」說 (1918-1920)：以《歐遊心影錄》為探討中心..….……....82 四、小結………………………………………………………...…………….…86 第二節 梁啟超晚年的治學方法與特色…………………………………..……88 一、專精與涉獵………………………………………….……..……….………88 二、鈔錄與筆記…………………………………………………….………...…91 三、搜集與鑑別…………………………………………………….………..….93 四、察識與慧觀…………………………………………………….……….…..98 五、圖表與統計…………………………………………………….……...…....99 六、小結…………………………………………………………………..……102 第三章 梁啟超晚年學術思想研究—有關清代學術研究部分…………….….104 第一節 論清代學術史的分期及其特徵……………………...……………….106 一、《論中國學術思想變遷之大勢》 (1904年)………...……....…………….106 (一) 分期：時代先後………………………………………………...………...107 (二) 特徵：古學復興……………………………………………….........…....108 二、《清代學術概論》(1920年)……………………………………………...113 (一) 分期：生住異滅………………………………………………...........…..113 (二) 特徵：歐洲的文藝復興……………………………………….......…….126 三、小結…………………………………………………………….……..…..133 第二節 重視地理與學風分布的關係………………………..………………..135 一、「地理環境」論的形成………………………………..…………………135 二、清代學者地理分布狀況…………………………………………………139 三、小結…………………………………………………………...………….141 第三節 論清代學術在中國學術史上的地位及其價值……………..………..142 一、清學的斷限………………………………………………………………142 二、清學的定位………………………………………………………………143 三、清學的評價……………………………………………………………....144 四、小結………………………………………………………………………154 第四章 梁啟超晚年學術思想研究—有關先秦諸子研究部分………………....155 第一節 論先秦學術思想產生發展的時代背景………………………………159 第二節 論先秦諸子各學派的分化與交匯……………………………………164 一、對秦漢以來各家學術思想源流的述評…………………………………164 二、先秦諸子各學派的分化與交匯………………………………...…….....174 (一)全盛時代第一期：兩派…………………………………….…...………..174 (二)全盛時代第二期：三宗…………………………...….………….……….178 (三)全盛時代第三期：六家…………………….…...……………….……….213 (四)全盛時代第四期：分裂混合……………………………………….…….215 三、結論：晚年觀點的修正………………………………………….…..…..220 第三節 儒、道、墨、法四家政治思想的詮釋……………………….………223 一、儒家：德治主義………………………………………………….……....225 二、道家：無治主義…………………………………………………….…....233 三、墨家：新天治主義………………………………………………….....…239 四、法家：法治主義……………………………………………………....….250 五、小結……………………………………………………………….........…257 第五章 梁啟超晚年學術思想對當代學術界的影響…………...…………...…259 第一節 有關清代學術部分的影響…………………………………………....259 一、梁啟超清學史論著的謀篇佈局和思想體系之特色…………………....260 二、梁啟超論著中幾個值得商榷的問題…………………………………….262 三、小結……………………………………………………………………....272 第二節 有關先秦諸子部分的影響…………………………………….……...273 一、近代墨學復興的重鎮……………………………………….……….…..273 二、老學研究之商榷…………………………………………….….………..277 三、小結………………………………………………………….…..……….280 結論……………………………………………………………………...……….....281 參考文獻……………………………………………………………..…....……..…2851716342 bytesapplication/pdfen-US梁啟超清代學術先秦諸子Qi-Chao LiangChin Dynasty academic researchPre-Ching King’s researchthesishttp://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw/bitstream/246246/50924/1/ntu-95-D86121001-1.pdf