WEN-CHUNG LEEWang L.-Y.2020-11-192020-11-1920080002-9262https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-37549071382&doi=10.1093%2faje%2fkwm257&partnerID=40&md5=9683ed4ef7c80760bfb93b28b42e881ehttps://scholars.lib.ntu.edu.tw/handle/123456789/521870The case-control study design is popular for genetic association studies of complex human diseases. However, case-control studies may suffer from bias due to population stratification. In this paper, the authors present simple formulas that can set a limit to the havoc population stratification bias can wreak (the lower and upper bounds of the confounding rate ratio and the upper bound of the type I error rate). The authors demonstrate applications of these formulas using two examples. The formulas can help researchers make more prudent interpretations of their (potentially biased) results. ? The Author 2007. Published by the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. All rights reserved.English[SDGs]SDG3data interpretation; design; epidemiology; genetics; public health; analytical error; article; confounding variable; genetic association; genetic polymorphism; genetic susceptibility; genotype; population based case control study; statistical analysis; Bias (Epidemiology); Case-Control Studies; Confounding Factors (Epidemiology); Data Interpretation, Statistical; Genetics, Population; Humans; Models, Statistical; Odds Ratiojournal article10.1093/aje/kwm257178813842-s2.0-37549071382