蘇炫榮臺灣大學：電信工程學研究所朱祚仁Chu, Tso-JenTso-JenChu2007-11-272018-07-052007-11-272018-07-052006http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw//handle/246246/58821這篇論文主要目的是在處理多輸入多輸出正交分頻多工系統下的訓練型通道估測。 我們將依據訓練保護區間來估測通道，這種方法讓接收端能夠從接收信號的一階統計特性，以半盲的方式估測並追蹤通道的變化。相對於傳統中以前置碼估測通道的方法，訓練保護區間並不會降低資訊傳輸率，系統表現也不受限於某些特殊情況下的通道，而比起以二階（或更高階）統計特性或有限字母來估測通道的方法，它所估測出的通道不會被尺度差所模糊。 為了使我們的通道估測均方差最小化，從多根天線傳送出的訓練序列皆必須有脈衝式的自我相關函數，彼此之間的交互相關函數也須為零。我們將藉由一組擁有的零相關區的序列來做為訓練序列，這組序列在某段時間延遲之內滿足上述理想的相關函數特性。 在多天線系統中使用前述訓練序列估測通道，它的表現受限於天線數量及多路徑通道的延遲擴散。為了解決這個問題，我們將訓練序列延長，使它的一部份與資料符元重疊，如此系統將可承受更長的多路徑通道衰減。 另外，由於總傳輸功率固定，我們要處理訓練序列與資料序列間功率配置的問題。藉由評估非理想通道估測對系統表現的影響，我們將找出最好的功率分配以達到最低的字元錯誤率。This thesis addresses the problem of training–based channel estimation for Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) systems. We present a channel estimation scheme based on training guard intervals. This way, the receiver can estimate and track the channel variations semi-blindly based on first order statistics of the received signal. There is no extra loss of information rate as opposed to training sequence based methods , no condition imposed on the channel, and no scaling ambiguity as opposed to second (or higher) order statistical or finite alphabet-based methods. To achieve the minimum mean square error, the training sequences transmitted from multiple antennas must have impulse-like autocorrelation functions and zero cross-correlation functions. To this end, we adopt the sequences with Zero Correlation Zone (ZCZ) which possess ideal correlation windows. For multiple-antenna systems, performance of this training scheme will be degraded drastically with the increase of the number of antennas and the delay spreads of multipath channel. We propose to append the training sequences overlapping with data symbols at the transmitter. By this method, the OFDM system can combat longer delay of multipath channel. Moreover, the issue of power allocation between training and information sequences will also be addressed. By evaluating the performance degradation due to imperfect channel estimation, optimal training power overhead that minimizes bit error rate is found.1 Introduction …………………………………………………….………………….1 1.1 Background………………………………………………………………....1 1.2 Motivation…………………………………………………………………..2 1.3 Wireless Channel……………………………………………………...........3 1.4 Basics of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing……………….…..5 1.5 The MIMO Systems……………………………………………………….11 2 Orthogonal Sequences ……………………………...…………………………….13 2.1 Bounds on Correlation of Sequences: Sarwate (Welch) Bound…………..13 2.2 Construction of Orthogonal Sequences…………………………………15 3 Optimal Training for Channel Estimation in MIMO-OFDM Systems ……….23 3.1 Signal Model………………………………………………………………24 3.2 Maximum Likelihood Channel Estimator………………………………25 3.3 Training Sequence Design Rule…………………………………………...26 3.4 Simulation…………………………………………………………………27 4 Channel Estimation Based on Training Guard Interval ……….………………30 4.1 Single-Antenna OFDM systems……………………………………..……31 4.1.1 Signal Model………………………………………………………….31 4.1.2 Channel Estimation…………………………………………………32 4.1.3 Design of Training Sequence…………………………………………33 4.1.4 Equalization…………………………………………………………..36 4.1.5 Iterative Interference Cancellation………………………………....36 4.1.6 Simulation…………………………………………………………….37 4.2 Multiple-Antenna OFDM systems……..………………………………….40 4.2.1 Signal Model………………………………………………………….40 4.2.2 Channel Estimation…………………………………………………42 4.2.3 Design of Training Sequence……………………………………........44 4.2.4 Complexity Reduction Method……………………………………….46 4.2.5 Simulation…………………………………………………………….48 4.3 Overlapping Training Sequence…………………………………………51 5 Performance Analysis with Channel Estimation Error …………….……….....55 5.1 Effect of Channel Estimation Error: Effective SNR……………………....56 5.2 Training Power Allocation………………………………………………...57 5.3 Simulation…………………………………………………………………58 6 Conclusion ………………….......………………….……………………………...62 Bibliography ………………………………………………………………………..631221195 bytesapplication/pdfen-US多輸入多輸出正交頻分多工通道估測訓練序列功率分配MIMOOFDMchannel estimationtraining sequencepower allocationthesishttp://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw/bitstream/246246/58821/1/ntu-95-R93942093-1.pdf