2008-08-012024-05-18https://scholars.lib.ntu.edu.tw/handle/123456789/703752摘要:技術採用的研究一直是農業經濟學領域一個重要的研究議題。原因無他,開發中或低度開發國家多以農業維生,而新的農業生物技術正是這些國家確保糧食不虞匱乏以及追求經濟成長的重要因素。國外文獻關於開發中國家農業技術採用的討論相當多,這些文獻可大致分為(1)傳統影響因素的探討;(2)技術採用動態的解析;以及(3)實證計量分析方法的精進三大方向進行。申請人過去的兩個主要研究方向是動態生產理論的擴展與應用,以及從生產效率與技術變動的角度來討論已開發與開發中國家之農業生產力差距與其成長路徑。本研究的主要目的是延伸目前指導的大專生參與專題計畫有關農業生物技術採用的經濟分析,從互補技術 (complementary technology)以及個人學習兩個角度研究農民的技術採用行為,並且嘗試將技術採用的概念引入動態生產模型,以解析技術採用對動態生產決策的影響。本計畫的重要性與對相關文獻的貢獻可分以下三點說明。 農業生物技術採用的文獻過去多將研究的重點擺在傳統影響因素的探討:(1)農場規模;(2) 預期所得或利潤的不確定性、成本與要素價格的不確定性,以及農家本身償債能力的不確定性;(3)人力資本;(4)勞力結構;以及(5)資本限制;不過近年隨著新經濟理論以及Panel Data分析的盛行,逐漸出現一些研究嘗試跳脫傳統框架來解釋技術採用的行為。這類研究分從技術互補性以及個人學習方式兩個角度來解釋我們觀察到的農民技術採用行為。雖然在少數文獻中,生產技術之間可能存在的互補性成為檢視技術採用行為時的一個重要考量,不過,那些研究並未檢定技術之間是否存在互補性。本研究的研究目的之一是從技術互補性的角度切入,在分析技術採用行為時,除了考量多種技術之間可能存在的互補性,也同時就此假設進行統計檢定。 2. 強調個人學習在新技術採用或擴散過程之重要性的文獻是另一個跳脫傳統框架的研究方向。這類研究將不同方式的個人學習視為新技術採用過程中一個主要的動態元素,因此多半將研究的重心放在技術採用動態的解析上。本研究的另一主要目的是從個人學習的角度研究農民的技術採用行為,並且嘗試將技術採用的概念納入動態生產模型,以解析技術採用對動態生產決策的影響。因此本研究將延續申請人過去針對邊做邊學的研究,嘗試考量學習外部性(包括跟鄰近農民的學習、跟同一農會農民的學習、以及跟農村推廣人員的學習) 對農民技術採用行為的影響,並將之納入動態生產模型中。在這樣的分析架構之下,個人的學習除了會影響其技術採用行為,也會影響農民的動態要素需求與產出供給決策。因此,除了可以凸顯個人學習的雙重角色─影響農民的技術採用行為,以及影響農民的動態生產決策,也可以將解析技術採用動態的文獻與分析動態生產決策的文獻做一巧妙的結合。 3.過去以生產者跨期決策分析為研究標的的文獻多將調整成本與非靜態預期被視為影響生產者行為的兩大因素。將技術採用的概念引入考量學習機能的動態生產模型,我們除了可以解析技術採用對動態生產決策的影響,透過利用Kalman Filtering以估計在最小平方學習機能下生產者對未知技術狀態的認知,本研究也可將動態對偶理論的應用擴展至更為一般化的架構。由於至目前為止,應用動態對偶理論的實證文獻僅曾在適應性預期的架構下檢視生產者的動態要素需求與產出供給決策,本研究的實證分析將可彌補過去動態對偶生產模型實證文獻的不足。 <br> Abstract: Issues related to technology adoption have been the central feature of agricultural economists’ concerns over rural development. One of the possible explanation lies in the observation that technological innovation and adoption was the major contribution to the spectacular increases in agricultural productivity during the twentieth century (Gardner, 2002). The other explanation for this popularity in agricultural economics research is for most developing countries, the countries’ 50-80 percent of population depends directly or indirectly on agriculture (p.19, Pardey, 2001), and consequently, growth of the agricultural sector is closely linked to governments’ intention to alleviate poverty. Therefore, understanding the determinants of technology adoption has clear implications for the design of agricultural development policies. Early studies on agricultural technology adoption focused on examining the traditional determinants of agricultural technology adoption. The factors considered include (1) scale or size of the farm; (2) uncertainty concerning expected income, profit, cost and ability for liability payment; (3) accumulated human capital; (4) labor structure; and (5) credit constraint. During the past decade, there was an emerging literature on the importance of technology complementarity and ways farmers learn about the characteristics of the new technology on technology adoption. Although Dorfman (1996) and Foltz and Chang (2002) explicitly account for the presence of possible complementary relationship between technologies, they did not perform a statistical test. In this study, we’ll propose a statistical method allowing for the investigation of the complementarity relationship between technologies. The other issue this study attempts to address steams from recent evolution of literature concerning the examination of dynamics of technology adoption. Studies aiming at examining the dynamics of technology adoption are particularly focused on the means by which farmers learn about the characteristics of new technologies. However, most of those studies are based on a static framework. Based on the dynamic dual model accommodating least-squares-learning mechanism in Fann and Luh (2003), this study will attempt to examine the interrelationship between different sources of learning (learning by doing, learning from neighbors, learning from others, and learning from the extension service) with technology adoption. In the proposed research, learning will play a dual role in affecting both farmers’ technology adoption and their intertemporal production decisions. By integrating the spillover and dynamic characteristics of individual learning into an empirically implementable model, the proposed study not only will provide a synthesis of the literature on technology adoption and dynamic production analyses, it will also yield important policy implications for providing a better understanding of the determinants of technology adoption.技術採用農業生產動態technology adoptionagricultural production dynamics解析技術採用與農業生產動態之關聯