張顯達臺灣大學：語言學研究所林珊如2007-11-282018-06-282007-11-282018-06-282006http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw//handle/246246/59379本研究欲探討中文兒童如何描述以動畫呈現的動態事件，以及如何使用新的方式動詞。本研究包括兩個實驗。在實驗一，共有十二位四歲兒童、十二位六歲兒童以及十二位成人參與。受試者必須描述十個由動畫呈現的動態事件。實驗結果顯示，根據動態事件的五個元素－方式、路徑、指示、來源與目的地－形成的組合，總共有十八種動態事件結構。其中方式＋路徑＋指示的結構最多，且絕大部分的結構都含有方式動詞，由此可知在中文動態事件裡，方式動詞是重要的元素。從兒童獨有的結構可發現，當方式動詞沒有清楚呈現時，兒童傾向不做方式動詞的編碼。因此，對兒童而言，空間認知與語言是非常相關的。此外，動態事件的來源與目的地因為本身語法特性而會影響動態事件結構，也是在習得上重要的元素。 實驗二在探討兒童對新方式動詞的使用，以及新方式動詞的構詞語法特性是否影響兒童的動態事件編碼。三十位四歲兒童與三十位六歲兒童參與本實驗，包含兩個作業。在作業一，受試者在訓練階段學會單音節或雙音節的新方式動詞後，必須描述四個包含此新方式動詞，且以玩偶演出的動態事件。作業二則是在實驗一使用的四個動畫，作為實驗二作業一的基準，受試者需描述此四個動態事件。實驗二結果顯示，兒童會利用中文現有的語言結構來呈現新方式動詞。結果也發現新方式動詞的構詞語法特性不會影響動態事件編碼。在不確定新方式動詞是否等同於舊有的方式動詞時，兒童會利用雙重方式動詞的編碼方式，使舊有的方式動詞與舊有結構相連，而較少將新方式動詞直接與舊有結構共用。這樣的語言處理方式多見於六歲兒童的語料。兒童不僅需要習得動態事件的元素與結構，還要了解成人對動態事件的觀點。從兒童處理新方式動詞的方法可知，兒童的語言知識不僅會應用在熟悉的語言型態上，也同樣會應用在新的語言作業上。The present research aims (1) to investigate how Mandarin-speaking children encode motion events presented by motion pictures and (2) to examine how children use novel manner verbs in encoding motion events. Two studies were conducted. Twelve four-year-olds, twelve six-year-olds, and twelve adults participated in Study 1 and were asked to describe ten motion events presented by ten motion pictures. The results revealed that eighteen constructions were elicited in terms of combinations of five motion event components: manner, path, deixis, source and goal. It was found that manners played an important role in encoding motion events since the majority of motion event constructions were encoded with a manner verb and that manner + path + deixis was the most productive construction for both children and adults. For children, space cognition and language are related in encoding since they tended not to encode manners when manners of motion are not explicitly presented and used the path + deixis construction. Furthermore, source and goal are important components for acquisition of motion events since their syntactic effect on structures of constructions raise the complexity in encoding motion events. Study 2 was conducted to examine children’s use of novel manner verbs and the effect of the morphosyntactic features of the novel manners on children’s use of these novel manner verbs. Thirty four-year-olds and thirty six-year-olds participated in this study, in which two tasks were designed. In Task 1, with the monosyllabic or disyllabic novel manner verb learned in training session, subjects were asked to describe four motion events presented with the novel manner and acted by puppets in stories. Task 2 was designed as a reference to have subjects describe four motion pictures in Study 1 which serve as the settings in Task 1. The results suggested that children used different linguistic devices for encoding novel manner verbs and the novel manner verb while the morphosyntactic features of novel manner verbs did not show any effect in encoding. With hesitation to treat novel manner verbs as familiar ones, children used dual manner encoding to use familiar manner verbs with old constructions but not directly put novel manners into these constructions. Such linguistic manipulations of novel manner verbs were more greatly produced by six-year-olds than by four-year-olds. We conclude that children have to acquire motion event elements and constructions in Mandarin and adults’ perspectives for motion events. Furthermore, how children use novel manner verbs in encoding motion events helps us to know that children’s linguistic knowledge does not only apply to familiar linguistic patterns, but also to new linguistic tasks they encounter.Table of Contents List of Tables iii List of Figures v Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Purpose 3 1.3 Organization 4 Chapter 2 Literature Review 6 2.1 Linguistic Typology of Motion Event 6 2.2 Motion Events in Mandarin 7 2.3 The Acquisition in Motion Event 8 Chapter 3 Study 1: Elicitation of Motion Events 13 3.1 Subjects 13 3.2 Materials 14 3.3 Procedure and Coding 15 3.4 Results 17 3.4.1 General Description 17 3.4.2 Item-based Generalization 17 3.4.3 Motion Event Construction Types 19 3.4.4 Manner in Encoding Motion Events 23 3.4.5 Constructions of Verbs plus Objects 24 3.4.6 Construction of Path plus Deixis 27 3.4.7 Constructions with Source and Goal 28 3.4.8 Data within Each Motion Event 31 3.4.9 Construction Use by Individual Subjects 33 3.5 Discussion 35 Chapter 4 Study 2: Use of Novel Verbs in Encoding Motion Events 43 4.1 Subjects 43 4.2 Materials 44 4.2.1 Task 1 44 4.2.2 Task 2 48 4.3 Procedure 48 4.3.1 Task 1 48 4.3.2 Task 2 50 4.4 Coding 51 4.5 Results 52 4.5.1 Task 1 52 4.5.2 Task 2 59 4.5.3 Task 1 vs. Task 2 61 4.6 Discussion 64 Chapter 5 General Discussion and Conclusion 70 References 76 Appendices 80 Appendix 1: The information description of 12 motion events in Study 1 materials 80 Appendix 2a: Motion Event 2 80 Appendix 2b: Motion Event 3 81 Appendix 2c: Motion Event 7 81 Appendix 3a: The verb-based generalization in Study 1: Age 4 82 Appendix 3b: The verb-based generalization in Study 1: Age 6 84 Appendix 3c: The verb-based generalization in Study 1: Adults 86 Appendix 4a: The picture of four settings in Task 1 of Study 2 88 Appendix 4b: The individual setting with animals in Task 1 of Study 2 88 Appendix 5: Two stories and questions in Task 1 of Study 2 89 List of Tables Table 3.1 Information on the Age of the Three Groups of Subject 14 3.2 Examples for the Five Motion Event Elements 16 3.3 Number of Element in Motion Event Encoding 18 3.4 18 Motion Event Constructions Elicited in Study 1 20 3.5 Percentage of Use of Three Constructions 23 3.6 Constructions with and without Manner Verbs 24 3.7 Distribution of Manner only and Manner + Objects in construction of Manner 25 3.8 Distribution of Path only and Path + Object Construction 27 3.9 Constructions Produced in Encoding Motion Event 1 and 5 28 3.10 Distribution of Constructions with Source and without Source 31 3.11 Results of Encodings within Motion Event 3 32 3.12 Results of Encodings within Motion Event 4 32 3.13 Results of Encodings within Motion Event 10 33 3.14 Numbers of Subjects Using Motion Event Constructions in Elicitation 34 4.1 Information on Age of the Two Groups of Subjects 44 4.2 Characteristics of Sets of Novel Manner Verbs in Stimuli 45 4.3 Characteristics of Elements in Selected Motion Events for Study 2 46 4.4 Construction Types Produced in Task 1 by Age 4 53 4.5 Construction Types Produced in Task 1 by Age 6 54 4.6 Dual Manner Encoding by the Two Groups of Subjects 57 4.7 Frequencies and Percentages for Construction Types and Age Groups 58 4.8 Frequencies for Construction Types and the Number of Syllables in Novel Manner Verbs 59 4.9 Constructions Produced in Task 2 60 4.10 Frequencies for Construction Types and Age Groups 61 4.11 Constructions Patterns across Task 1 and Task 2 62 4.12 Pattern Preference in Task 1 and Task 2 63 Table of Figures Figure 3.1 Frequencies of Elements Encoded in Constructions 19 4.1 Four Settings of Motion Events in Study 2 47 4.2 Flowchart of Procedure in Study 2 511174100 bytesapplication/pdfen-US動態事件空間語言語言習得motion eventsspatial languagelanguage acquisitionotherhttp://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw/bitstream/246246/59379/1/ntu-95-R92142006-1.pdf