張文貞2006-07-252018-07-052006-07-252018-07-052005http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw//handle/246246/12905隨著人類基因組於2000 年6 月的初步解碼,各國政府、產業以及學術界莫不 戮力發展基因科技,以爭取其在生醫產業發展的有利位置。更重要的是,基因科 技的研究與應用,使得生命本質原本屬於未知與偶然的機會(chance),逐漸成為 可以治療、改造與利用的選擇(choice),同時也帶來基因科技在生物醫學研究無 限的潛力與商機。 基因科技研究與應用的主要方式之一,在於解讀及利用基因資訊。因此基因 資訊之取得與利用,可以說是目前基因科技的核心。基因科技的發展,有賴於基 因資訊的利用與研究。同時,基因資訊的利用對於公共利益的增進,也具有重要 性。例如,基因資訊可以應用於法醫學,協助司法鑑定與犯罪偵查,有效地打擊 犯罪。然而,基因資訊的取得與利用又涉及資訊來源者之個人權利,我們如何在 保護個人基因資訊與個人基因資訊的合理利用之間,找到一個平衡點,是當前基 因科技的研究與應用之重要法律問題。 此外,從基因科技應用的角度而言,人體除了承載著勞力、知識與人格以外, 每個人的身體也是一個蘊含豐富基因資訊與可作各種利用的人體組織的儲藏 庫。這些新的使用價值相對於原本就由市場機制分配的勞力、知識、甚至人格(例 如公眾人物的名譽權、肖像權等等),其獨特之處在於身上帶著這些基因的人, 與有能力開發、保存與使用這些基因的人之間,處於極度資訊不對稱(imbalanced information)的地位。既有市場機制無法公平且有效率地分配這些基因,因此遭遇 『市場失靈』的困境。在這樣的情形之下,基因科技開發出基因各個面向的價值, 但對於基因作為一種資源的使用衝突與分配原則,我們應該透過何種法律與經濟 的分配原則,如財產原則(property rule)、責任原則(liability rule)或禁制原則(rule of inalienability)等來處理,以兼顧經濟效率與社會正義呢? 本子計畫擬從法律與經濟的分析角度,就基因資訊的蒐集、公開、與利用, 基因資訊庫的建立與管理,基因資訊對於個人隱私權與人格權的衝擊,基因的存 在本身的價值與使用價值,分析基因資訊與基因市場的分配機制。「經濟效率」、 「正義原則」、「社群自治」及「權利本位」代表四種設計基因市場與基因資訊 利用的理念基礎,也各自隱涵不同的制度條件、決策機制與規範基礎。然而,無 論單獨採用哪一種模式,均無法圓滿地提供基因產權分配的所需的制度典範,本 研究計畫將在上述四個模式的基礎之上,進一步尋求一個能具有高度制度量能 (institutional capacity-building)的制度典範,作為發展設計基因市場與基因資訊利 用,並緩解其於倫理、法律、與社會面衝擊的最適市場機制。With the sequencing of human genome in June 2000, governments, industries, and academia worldwide have been responding vigorously to the new field of biotechnology. The development and application of biotechnology has turned “c h a nc e s ” i n t o “c h o i c e s ” a n d c r e a t e d a ne w ma r k e t f o r b i o t e c h n o l ogy a n d biomedicine. Beneath the surface of an emerging gene market lies in a set of complex and intersecting issues between market functions, the allocation of gene entitlements, and social and ethical implications. Some of the acute legal issues re concerned with the utilization of genetic information. On the one hand, a proper utilization of genetic information may attribute greatly in the further development of genetic technology as well as the enhancement of public interests. On the other hand, however, the attainment and utilization of genetic information are also of greater concern about right to privacy and personal integrity. How to strike a balance between a proper use of genetic information and the protection of personal freedom and right to privacy has become the key issue. In the perspective of genetic technology and market, human genome may have its market value and thus be propertied for further utilization and redistribution. Are t h e r e a ny p o s s i b i l i t i e s t h a t we ma y e mp l oy “ma r ke t ” a s a s t r a t e gy t o t a c k l e t h e i s s u e s associated with gene patenting and the allocation of gene entitlements? Should we see gene or genetic code as a species of property or entitlements for further commercialization? Should researchers, industries, owners and users have an equal access to genes? What are the roles universities, academic institutions and industries may play in the emerging gene market? In conclusion, this project argues that law and economic analysis and three distributive rules it generates, property rule, liability rule, and rule of inalienability, can help us in resolving related issues concerning the utilization of genetic information. Admittedly, however, there have been some acute issues that cannot be tackled only in the perspective of law and economic analysis. The project, thus, seeks to find a reflexive, proper, and marketable way in which genetic utilization and distribution may be handled conducive to the development of biotechnology and an institutional paradigm may be built up in pursuit of both social justice and economic efficiency.application/pdf450160 bytesapplication/pdfzh-TW國立臺灣大學法律學系暨研究所基因資訊基因隱私權人格基因專利基因市場基因產權財產原則責任原則不對稱資訊Genetic InformationRight to PrivacyGene PatentingGenetic EntitlementsProperty RuleLiability RuleImbalanced Information[SDGs]SDG3建構基因科技的制度典範:從基因資訊與基因市場的面向來分析(III)reporthttp://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw/bitstream/246246/12905/1/933112H002002.pdf